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3.4) `coupl` = `c_type`, input(*)
Definition of a coupling property or a coupling between two masses.
All c_type, which define a coupling property, begin with the letter p.
All c_type which define a stiffness coupling between two bodies
begin with the letter k, and
finally, damping couplings begin with the letter c.
The user can in a coupling define a property with extension _111r or _111l,
in this case program CALC will look for properties in the following order:
| _111r or _111l |
Wheel specific name |
| _111 |
Axle specific name |
| _11r or _11l |
Bogie side specific name |
| _11 |
Bogie specific name |
| _1 |
Vehicle specific name |
| _ |
Train-set specific name |
Please start to look in the
theory manual,
for the definition of deformations in couplings.
First, a brief summary of the valid subcommands in coupl will be given,
followed by a more detailed description of each subcommand.
| p_lin |
Defines a linear property |
| p_lin36 |
Defines a linear 6x6-matrix property |
| p_lin144 |
Defines a linear 12x12-matrix property |
| p_nlin |
Defines a non-linear property |
| p_nlin_s |
Defines an asymmetric non-linear property |
| p_nlin_t |
Defines a non-linear property given by tangential values |
| p_nlin_st |
Defines an asymmetric non-linear property given by tangential values |
| p_kfrkc |
Property designed for coupling kfrkc |
| |
| beam_1 |
Defines an Euler-Bernoulli beam connected to many masses |
| |
| c |
Defines damper with a pre-defined property |
| c_l |
Damper similar to c, oriented a small angle relative to esys |
| c_r |
Damper similar to c, oriented a large angle relative to esys |
| c_lin |
Defines a linear damping component |
| c_nlin |
Defines a non-linear damping component |
| c_vs_d |
Defines a displacement-controlled damper |
creep_look
uptable_1 |
Defines a rolling contact between two masses |
creep_
fasim_1 |
Defines a rolling contact between two masses |
creep_tanel_
springs_1 |
Defines a rolling contact between two masses |
| |
| derailm_2 |
Defines a contact element between two bodies |
| |
| k, k_preZ |
Defines stiffness with a pre-defined property |
| k_l, k_l_preZ |
Similar to coupl k, but rotated a small angle relative to esys |
| k_r, k_r_preZ |
Similar to coupl k, but rotated a large angle relative to esys |
| k3, k3_preZ |
Defines stiffness with 3 pre-defined properties |
| k3_l, k3_l_preZ |
Similar to coupl k3, but rotated a small angle relative to esys |
| k3_r, k3_r_preZ |
Similar to coupl k3, but rotated a large angle relative to esys |
| km, km_preZ |
Similar to coupl k,
but the user can control if the coupling shall generate moments on attached masses or not |
| km_l, km_l_preZ |
Similar to coupl km, but rotated a small angle relative to esys |
| km_r, km_r_preZ |
Similar to coupl km, but rotated a large angle relative to esys |
| k_air3 |
A coupling for modeling airbags in railway vehicles. |
| k_air3_exp |
A coupling for modeling airbags in railway vehicles with exponential
smooth friction in the horizontal plane. |
| k_air3_mawa |
A coupling for modeling airbags in railway vehicles,
using equations for viscous flow in pipes in vertical direction. |
| k_air3_mawa2 |
A coupling for modeling airbags as in coupling k_air3_mawa,
but with two auxiliary air reservoirs in parallel. |
| k_lin |
Defines a linear stiffness |
| k_nlin |
Defines a non-linear stiffness |
| k_lin_nd |
Defines non-diagonal linear stiffness components |
| kc |
Defines a spring in series with a damper. |
| kckc |
Defines a coupling consisting of two dampers and two springs.
The first spring and damper are connected in parallel with each other |
| kf |
Defines a friction block with series flexibility |
| kf_l |
Similar to coupl kf, but rotated a small angle relative to esys |
| kf_r |
Similar to coupl kf, but rotated a large angle relative to esys |
| kf2 |
Defines a two-dimensional friction block with two perpendicular serial flexibilities |
| kf2_l |
Similar to coupl kf2, but rotated a small angle relative to esys |
| kf2_r |
Similar to coupl kf2, but rotated a large angle relative to esys |
| kf3 |
Defines a three-dimensional friction block with three perpendicular serial flexibilities |
| kfrkc |
Defines a coupling with smooth friction and viscous damping |
| kf_exp1 |
Defines a coupling comprising a stiffness with exponential friction damping |
| kf_exp2 |
A stiffness coupling with exponential shaped friction damping added on. |
| kf_exp3 |
A stiffness coupling with a first low-pass friction damping added on. |
| m_flex_1 |
Links a coupling to a flexible body |
| cuser# |
Defines a coupling whose properties are defined in an own supplied
subroutine CUSER# (# is a number between 0 and 9) |
Reference Manuals
Calc menu
Input Data Menu
Coupl Menu
c_type = `p_lin`
Defines a linear coupling property.
coupl p_lin `p_name' +-`F0 +-`v1
|
|
| p_name | = |
Assigning a name to this property. |
| F0 | = |
The force which the property will produce on zero displacement.
F0 is used to define a preloaded spring.
Positive value in F0 will lead to a positive
force on body no.1 at zero displacement.
F0 has no significance when the coupling property
is used in dampers.
The value can either be constant or a previously
defined variable. By using a variable, this coupling
property can describe a non-linear property or an active
coupling element. |
| v1 | = |
Stiffness or damping values of the defined property.
The value can either be constant or a previously defined variable.
By using a variable, this coupling property can describe a non-linear
property or an active coupling element. |
Variables generated in main memory:
| p_name.F0 | = | F0 | = |
Force on zero displacement. |
| p_name.v1 | = | v1 | = |
The property value of the coupling |
Reference Manuals
Calc menu
Input Data Menu
Coupl Menu
c_type = `p_lin36`
Defines a 6x6 dimensional linear coupling matrix,
and a vector which specifies the coupling's preload
forces on zero displacement.
If components of the coupling matrix or the preload vector
consists of variables, then a non-linear coupling matrix
can be modeled.
The force vector will be calculated according to:
or written in components:
coupl p_lin36 `p_name' +-`F0(1:6) +-`k(1:6,1:6)
| p_name | = |
Assigning a name to this property. |
| F0 | = |
Six-dimensional force vector according to the formula above.
F0 is used to define a preloaded spring.
Positive values in F0 will lead to positive
forces on body no.1 at zero displacement.
F0 has no significance when the coupling property
is used in dampers.
The values can either be constant or previously
defined variables.
By using a variable, this coupling property can describe
a non-linear property or an active coupling element. |
| k | = |
6x6-dimensional coupling matrix.
The data is read in rows k(1,1), k(1,2), k(1,3) ,,, etc. |
Variables generated in the main output data field:
| p_name.F0x | = |
Preload force in x-direction. |
| p_name.F0y | = |
Preload force in y-direction. |
| p_name.F0z | = |
Preload force in z-direction. |
| p_name.F0f | = |
Preload moment in f-direction. |
| p_name.F0k | = |
Preload moment in k-direction. |
| p_name.F0p | = |
Preload moment in p-direction. |
| p_name.xx | = |
The xx-component of the coupling matrix. |
| p_name.xy | = |
The xy-component of the coupling matrix. |
| p_name.xz | = |
The xz-component of the coupling matrix. |
| p_name.xf | = |
The xf-component of the coupling matrix. |
| . . . | = |
. . . . . . . . . |
| . . . | = |
. . . . . . . . . |
| p_name.pp | = |
The pp-component of the coupling matrix. |
Reference Manuals
Calc menu
Input Data Menu
Coupl Menu
c_type = `p_lin144`
Defines a 12x12 dimensional linear coupling matrix,
and a vector which specifies the coupling's
prestressing forces on zero displacement.
If components of the coupling matrix or the preload vector
consists of variables, then a non-linear coupling matrix
can be modeled.
The force vector is calculated according to the following formula:
or written in components:
coupl p_lin144 `p_name' +-`F0(1:12) +-`k(1:12,1:12)
| p_name | = | Assigning a name to this property. |
| F0 | = | Force vector which is added to the output data. |
| k | = | Coupling matrix, the data is read in rows. |
Variables generated in the main memory:
| p_name.F1x | = |
Force Fx on body 1 when delta_x1 = 0. |
| p_name.F1y | = |
Force Fy on body 1 when delta_y1 = 0. |
| p_name.F1z | = |
Force Fz on body 1 when delta_z1 = 0. |
| p_name.F1f | = |
Force Ff on body 1 when delta_f1 = 0. |
| p_name.F1k | = |
Force Fk on body 1 when delta_k1 = 0. |
| p_name.F1p | = |
Force Fp on body 1 when delta_p1 = 0. |
| p_name.F2x | = |
Force Fx on body 2 when delta_x2 = 0. |
| p_name.F2y | = |
Force Fy on body 2 when delta_y2 = 0. |
| p_name.F2z | = |
Force Fz on body 2 when delta_z2 = 0. |
| p_name.F2f | = |
Force Ff on body 2 when delta_f2 = 0. |
| p_name.F2k | = |
Force Fk on body 2 when delta_k2 = 0. |
| p_name.F2p | = |
Force Fp on body 2 when delta_p2 = 0. |
| p_name.11 | = |
x1x1-component of the stiffness matrix. |
| p_name.12 | = |
x1y1-component of the stiffness matrix. |
| p_name.13 | = |
x1z1-component of the stiffness matrix. |
| p_name.14 | = |
x1f1-component of the stiffness matrix. |
| p_name.15 | = |
x1k1-component of the stiffness matrix. |
| p_name.16 | = |
x1p1-component of the stiffness matrix. |
| p_name.17 | = |
x1x2-component of the stiffness matrix. |
| p_name.18 | = |
x1y2-component of the stiffness matrix. |
| p_name.19 | = |
x1z2-component of the stiffness matrix. |
| p_name.1A | = |
x1f2-component of the stiffness matrix. |
| p_name.1B | = |
x1k2-component of the stiffness matrix. |
| p_name.1C | = |
x1p2-component of the stiffness matrix. |
| p_name.21 | = |
y1x1-component of the stiffness matrix. |
| p_name.22 | = |
y1y1-component of the stiffness matrix. |
| . . . | = |
. . . . . . . . . |
| . . . | = |
. . . . . . . . . |
| . . . | = |
. . . . . . . . . |
| p_name.CB | = |
p2k2-component of the stiffness matrix. |
| p_name.CD | = |
p2p2-component of the stiffness matrix. |
Reference Manuals
Calc menu
Input Data Menu
Coupl Menu
c_type = `p_nlin`
Defines a non-linear coupling property, built-up of a number of force-displacement value-pairs.
coupl p_nlin `p_name' +-`value0 (+-`)v_pairs(*)
| p_name |
= |
Assigning a name to this property.
|
| value0 |
= |
In addition to the coupling force produced by v_pairs,
an extra force can be given in value0.
Value0 is used to define a preloaded spring or a spring with the force of gravity acting through it.
Positive value in value0 will lead to a positive force acting on body no.1 at zero displacement.
Value0 has no significance when the coupling property is used in dampers.
|
|
|
| v_pairs |
= |
The value pair which the property shall have.
The value pairs are described with x and y coordinates in the following order:
x1, y1, x2, y2, x3,,,, etc.
The end of the input is marked
by entering a new valid main command according
to the list under the Input Data Menu.
The value pairs must be an even number otherwise an error will occur.
If the displacement is to the left of x(1) or to the right of x(n),
the force will be extrapolated based on the gradient of the
line between the outermost x-value and the second outermost x-value.
The x-values in the value pair must be ascending,
otherwise an error will occur,
and the point will be ignored.
|
Variables generated in main memory:
| p_name.F0 | = |
Force at zero displacement. |
| p_name.nb | = |
Number of breakpoints. |
| p_name.x1 | = |
Displacement value for point no. 1. |
| p_name.y1 | = |
The coupling's force at displacement no. 1. |
| p_name.x2 | = |
Displacement value for point no. 2. |
| p_name.y2 | = |
The coupling's force at displacement no. 2. |
| p_name.x3 | = |
Displacement value for point no. 3. |
| . . . . | = |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . |
| . . . . | = |
. . . . . . . . . . etc. |
Reference Manuals
Calc menu
Input Data Menu
Coupl Menu
c_type = `p_nlin_s`
Defines an asymmetric non-linear coupling property,
whose properties in positive deformations (velocity) are described in v_pairs below.
The same force, but with the opposite sign, are given for negative deformations (velocity).
coupl p_nlin_s `p_name' +-`value0
(+-`)v_pairs(*)
|
|
| p_name |
= |
Assigning a name to this property.
|
| value0 |
= |
The force which the property will produce on zero displacement.
Value0 is used to define a preloaded spring or a spring with the force of gravity acting through it.
Positive value in value0 will lead to a positive force on body no.1 at zero displacement.
Value0 is redundant if the coupling property is used in dampers.
|
| v_pairs |
= |
The value pair which the property shall have.
The value pairs are described with x and y coordinates in the following order:
x1, y1, x2, y2, x3,,,, etc.
The end of the input is marked by entering a new valid main command
according to the list under item 3.1).
The value pairs must be an even number otherwise an error will occur.
If the input variable is larger than the breakpoint for the last x-value x(n),
the output will be extrapolated based on the gradient of the line between the outermost x-value
and the second outermost x-value.
The x-values in the value pair must be in ascending sequence,
otherwise an error will occur, and the point will be ignored in the input phase.
|
Variables generated in main memory:
| p_name.F0 | = |
Force at zero displacement. |
| p_name.nb | = |
Number of breakpoints. |
| p_name.x1 | = |
Displacement value for point no. 1. |
| p_name.y1 | = |
The coupling's force at displacement no. 1. |
| p_name.x2 | = |
Displacement value for point no. 2. |
| p_name.y2 | = |
The coupling's force at displacement no. 2. |
| p_name.x3 | = |
Displacement value for point no. 3. |
| . . . . | = |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . |
| . . . . | = |
. . . . . . . . . . etc. |
Reference Manuals
Calc menu
Input Data Menu
Coupl Menu
c_type = `p_nlin_t`
Defines a non-linear coupling property, built-up of
tangential gradients and breakpoints given by the values listed below.
As the stiffness curve is only described by gradients,
the vertical position of the curve is not defined.
Therefore the user must start the input data string with a reference point
(x-ref,y-ref) which the curve shall pass through.
coupl p_nlin_t `p_name',
(+-`)x-ref, (+-`)y-ref,
(+-`)values(*)
|
|
| p_name |
= |
Assigning a name to this property.
|
| x-ref |
= |
X-value of the reference point.
The argument for x-ref may either be a constant or a variable.
If a variable is read, the variable's value will be retrieved
and will be stored in p_name.xl, but if the variable's value is
changed during the calculation process, it will not affect the
property p_name. The original values in p_name.xl will remain.
|
| y-ref |
= |
Y-value of the reference point.
The argument for y-ref may either be a constant or a variable.
If a variable is read, the variable's value will be retrieved and
will be stored in p_name.yl, but if the variable's value is changed
during the calculation process, it will not affect the property p_name.
The original values in p_name.yl will remain.
|
| values |
= |
The gradients and breakpoints which the property will have.
The values are described by gradient, breakpoint, gradient, breakpoint,,, in the following order:
v1, x1, v2, x2, v3,,,, etc.
The x-values must be increasing starting with the most negative point, and end with the most
positive point.
The input will be concluded by giving a new valid main command according to the list under item 3.1).
The number of values must be odd otherwise an error will occur.
The values will both begin and end with gradients.
These gradients will apply when the displacement lies outside
the outermost breakpoints.
The breakpoints must be in ascending sequence otherwise an error print will occur,
and the point will be ignored during the input phase.
|
Variables generated in main memory:
| p_name.nb | = |
Number of breakpoints. |
| p_name.x1 | = |
X-reference point. |
| p_name.y1 | = |
Y-reference point. |
| p_name.v1 | = |
First tangential gradient |
| p_name.x2 | = |
First break point |
| p_name.v2 | = |
Second tangential gradient |
| p_name.x3 | = |
Second break point |
| p_name.v3 | = |
Third tangential gradient |
| . . . . | = |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . |
| . . . . | = |
. . . . . . . . . . etc. |
Reference Manuals
Calc menu
Input Data Menu
Coupl Menu
c_type = `p_nlin_st`
Defines an asymmetric non-linear coupling property, built-up of
tangential gradients and breakpoints given by the values listed below.
As the stiffness curve is only described by gradients and breakpoints,
the curve must be related to a fixed point given by a force and displacement.
For this case c_type = `p_nlin_st`, the fixed point will be (displacement=0,
force=value0).
coupl p_nlin_st `p_name',
(+-`)value0, (+-`)values(*)
|
|
| p_name |
= |
Assigning a name to this property.
|
| value0 |
= |
The force which the property will produce on
zero displacement.
Value0 is used to define a preloaded spring or a
spring with the force of gravity acting through it.
Positive value in value0 will lead to a positive
force on body no.1 at zero displacement.
Value0 has no significance when the coupling property
is used in dampers.
|
| values |
= |
The gradients and breakpoints which the property will have.
The values are described by gradient, breakpoint, gradient, breakpoint,,, in the following order:
v1, x1, v2, x2, v3,,,, etc.
The input is ended by giving a new valid main command according to the list under item 3.1).
The number of values must be odd otherwise the program will stop and an error message will be printed.
The values must both begin and end with gradients.
These gradients will apply when the displacement lies outside the outermost breakpoints.
All breakpoints must be positive and in ascending order otherwise a warning message will be printed,
and the point will be ignored during the reading phase.
The argument in the values can contain both constants and variables.
If a variable is read, the variable's value will be retrieved
and stored under the property's memory position,
but if the variable's value is changed during the calculation process,
it will not affect the property p_name.
The original values will remain.
|
Variables generated in main memory:
| p_name.F0 | = |
Force at zero displacement. |
| p_name.nb | = |
Number of breakpoints. |
| p_name.v1 | = |
Tangential gradient through x=0. |
| p_name.x2 | = |
Displacement value for point no. 2. |
| p_name.v2 | = |
Tangential gradient after point 2. |
| p_name.x3 | = |
Displacement value for point no. 3. |
| p_name.v3 | = |
Tangential gradient after point 3. |
| . . . . | = |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . |
| . . . . | = |
. . . . . . . . . . etc. |
Reference Manuals
Calc menu
Input Data Menu
Coupl Menu
c_type = `p_kfrkc`
Defines the parameters to the non-linear coupling kfrkc.
coupl p_kfrkc `p_name' +-`F0 +-`ke +-`Ffm +-`x2 +-`kv +-`c
| p_name | = |
Assigning a name to this property. |
| F0 | = |
The force which the property will have on zero displacement.
Positive value gives positive force on body
no. 1 at zero displacement. |
| ke | = |
Stiffness for the elastic part of the coupling. |
| Ffm | = |
Maximum friction force for the friction part of the coupling. |
| x2 | = |
Displacement, relative initial position, when half the
maximum friction force has been reached. |
| kv | = |
Serial stiffness for the viscous part of the coupling. |
| c | = |
Damping coefficient for the viscous part of the coupling. |
Variables generated in main memory:
| p_name.F0 | = |
Force F0 |
| p_name.ke | = |
Stiffness ke |
| p_name.Ffm | = |
Force Ffm |
| p_name.x2 | = |
Displacement x2 |
| p_name.kv | = |
Stiffness kv |
| p_name.c | = |
Damping c |
Reference Manuals
Calc menu
Input Data Menu
Coupl Menu
c_type = `beam_1`
Defines an Euler-Bernoulli beam connected to many masses
coupl c `c_name' `dire' +-`EI
+-`nSuspMass
m_name_s1 +-`m_name_s1.A +-`m_name_s1.B +-`m_name_s1.H +-`m_name_s1.k
m_name_s2 +-`m_name_s2.A +-`m_name_s2.B +-`m_name_s2.H ,,, etc.
+-`nRigidMass
m_name_r1 +-`m_name_r1.A +-`m_name_r1.B +-`m_name_r1.H
m_name_r2 +-`m_name_r2.A +-`m_name_r2.B ,,, etc.
| c_name | = |
Name of the coupling to be created. |
| dire | = |
Working direction for the beam. Valid directions are: `x`, `y` and `z`. |
| EI | = |
Young's modulus times area moment of inertia. |
| nSuspMass | = |
Number of suspended masses connected to the beam. |
| m_name_s1 | = |
Name of first suspended mass |
| m_name_s1.A | = |
Attachment point for first suspended mass in longitudinal direction |
| m_name_s1.B | = |
Attachment point for first suspended mass in lateral direction |
| m_name_s1.H | = |
Attachment point for first suspended mass in vertical direction |
| m_name_s1.k | = |
Stiffness between first mass and beam |
| m_name_s2 | = |
Name of second suspended mass |
| etc. | = |
etc. |
| |
| nRigidMass | = |
Number of rigidly attached masses. |
| m_name_r1 | = |
Name of first unsuspended mass |
| m_name_r1.A | = |
Attachment point for first unsuspended mass in longitudinal direction |
| m_name_r1.B | = |
Attachment point for first unsuspended mass in lateral direction |
| m_name_r1.H | = |
Attachment point for first unsuspended mass in vertical direction |
| m_name_r2 | = |
Name of second unsuspended mass |
| etc. | = |
etc. |
Variables generated in the main memory:
Input variables:
| c_name.EI | = |
Young's modulus times area moment of inertia. |
| c_name.NsMass | = |
Number of suspended masses. |
| c_name.sMass? | = |
The number of the suspended mass. |
| c_name.AsM? | = |
Longitudinal position of attachment point for a suspended mass. |
| c_name.BsM? | = |
Lateral position of attachment point for a suspended mass. |
| c_name.HsM? | = |
Vertical position of attachment point for a suspended mass. |
| c_name.ksM? | = |
Stiffness between attachment point and the suspended mass. |
| c_name.NrMass | = |
Number of unsuspended masses. |
| c_name.rMass? | = |
The number of the suspended mass. |
| c_name.ArM? | = |
Longitudinal position of attachment point for an unsuspended mass. |
| c_name.BrM? | = |
Lateral position of attachment point for an unsuspended mass. |
| c_name.HrM? | = |
Vertical position of attachment point for an unsuspended mass. |
Output variables:
| c_name.ps | = |
Position of beam in attachment point for a suspended mass. |
| c_name.ds | = |
Deflection of the series spring m_name_s?.k, where m_name_s? is a suspended mass. |
| c_name.Fs | = |
Force in series spring m_name_s?.k, where m_name_s? is a suspended mass. |
| c_name.dr | = |
Position of attachment point for an unsuspended mass. |
| c_name.fr | = |
Angle of attachment point for an unsuspended mass. |
| c_name.Fr | = |
Force between an unsuspended mass and beam. |
Usage:
Reference Manuals
Calc menu
Input Data Menu
Coupl Menu
c_type = `c`
Defines a damping coupling between two masses.
The damping property is read from a pre-defined property.
Dampers which are connected in direction `c` or `cu` may not have the length 0(zero),
as the value zero has no direction.
coupl c `c_name' `body1' +-`a1 +-`b1 +-`h1
`body2' +-`a2 +-`b2 +-`h2
`property' `esys' `dire`
| c_name | = |
Name of the coupling created. |
| body1 | = |
Name of body no. 1, which the coupling is connected to. |
| a1,b1,h1 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 1,
expressed in body 1's local coordinate system lsys. |
| body2 | = |
Name of body no. 2 to which the coupling connects. |
| a2,b2,h2 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 2,
expressed in body 2's local coordinate system lsys. |
| property | = |
Pre-defined coupling property. |
| esys | = |
The coordinate system in which the coupling force
will be calculated. |
| dire | = |
`x`, `y`, `z`, `f`, `k`, `p`, `c`, `cu`, `m`.
Working direction for the damper in esys.
In addition to the Cartesian coordinates,
the user can choose between `c`, `cu` and `m`.
Direction `c` refers to the direction specified by
the coupling's attachment points, i.e the force runs
in the direction of the element. The transformation
matrix between esys and and the orientation of the
coupling, is calculated in the input reading phase.
The same transformation matrix is
then used during the entire calculation.
Direction `cu` has a similar function to `c`,
the difference being that the transformation matrix
is updated continuously as the bodies move.
Direction `m` means matrix direction, displacements in
all 6 coordinate directions in both attachment points
are calculated.
Direction `m` requires the coupling properties p_lin36
or p_lin144. |
Variables generated in the main memory:
Input variables:
| c_name.l | = |
Length of the coupling. The length is
calculated in the same direction as the
coupling's direction of action. |
| c_name.m1 | = |
Mass number of body 1. |
| c_name.a1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in x-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.b1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in y-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.h1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in z-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.m2 | = |
Mass number of body 2. |
| c_name.a2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in x-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.b2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in y-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.h2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in z-direction on body 2. |
Output variables:
Deformation velocities over the coupling:
| c_name.dx | = |
In the x-direction of esys. |
| c_name.dy | = |
In the y-direction of esys. |
| c_name.dz | = |
In the z-direction of esys. |
| c_name.df | = |
In the f-direction of esys. |
| c_name.dk | = |
In the k-direction of esys. |
| c_name.dp | = |
In the p-direction of esys. |
Force variables generated by the coupling:
| c_name.Fx | = |
In the x-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Fy | = |
In the y-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Fz | = |
In the z-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mf | = |
In the f-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mk | = |
In the k-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mp | = |
In the p-direction of esys. |
If the working direction is c or cu, also the following variables are available:
| c_name.d | = |
Deformation velocity in the direction of the coupling. |
| c_name.F | = |
The generated force in the direction of the coupling. |
Generated force variables on connected bodies:
| c_name.F1x | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the x-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F1y | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the y-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F1z | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the z-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1f | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the f-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1k | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the k-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1p | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the p-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F2x | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the x-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.F2y | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the y-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.F2z | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the z-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2f | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the f-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2k | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the k-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2p | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the p-direction of body #2's lsys. |
Usage:
| – |
Modeling of damping in a rubber bushing.
Define a coupling without length, i.e. give the same position for both ends of the coupling.
Define the property via coupl p_lin36 or coupl p_lin144.
Set the working direction of the coupling equal to m. |
| – |
Modeling of damping in a traction rod.
Define a coupling with length.
Define a one-dimensional property with coupl p_lin, coupl p_nlin, coupl p_nlin_s, coupl p_nlin_t or coupl p_nlin_st.
Set the working direction of the coupling equal to c or cu.
|
| – |
Hydraulic dampers whose series flexibility can be ignored.
Define a coupling with length.
Define a one-dimensional property with coupl p_lin, coupl p_nlin, coupl p_nlin_s, coupl p_nlin_t or coupl p_nlin_st.
Set the working direction of the coupling equal to c or cu.
However most hydraulic dampers have an internal series flexibility and must be modeled
via the coupl kc-coupling.
|
| – |
Generation of simple rubber models where the c-coupling is coupled in parallel with a k-coupling.
Calculation of damping coefficient of the c-damper can be made according to the following formulas:
c= 2⋅ζ⋅
√ k⋅m
Or:
Or:
c= 4⋅π⋅ζ⋅fo⋅m
Where:
| ζ |
= |
Ratio of critical damping |
| k |
= |
Stiffness in parallel |
| m |
= |
Mass |
| fo |
= |
The frequency |
|
Reference Manuals
Calc menu
Input Data Menu
Coupl Menu
c_type = `c_l`
Defines a damping coupling between two masses.
The damping property is read from a pre-defined property.
The damper can be given a small rotation angle relative, to the coordinate axis in esys.
The rotation between esys and the coupling is linear (cos(fi)=1 and sin(fi)=fi).
coupl c_l `c_name' `body1' +-`a1 +-`b1 +-`h1
`body2' +-`a2 +-`b2 +-`h2
`property' `esys' `dire`
`fi `chi `psi
| c_name | = |
Name of the coupling created. |
| body1 | = |
Name of body no. 1, which the coupling is connected to. |
| a1,b1,h1 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 1,
expressed in body 1's local coordinate system lsys. |
| body2 | = |
Name of body no. 2 to which the coupling connects. |
| a2,b2,h2 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 2,
expressed in body 2's local coordinate system lsys. |
| property | = |
Pre-defined coupling property. |
| esys | = |
The coordinate system in which the coupling force
will be calculated. |
| dire | = |
`x`, `y`, `z`, `f`, `k`, `p`, `m`.
Working direction for the damper in esys.
In addition to the Cartesian coordinates,
the user also can choose direction `m`.
Direction `m` means matrix direction, displacements in
all 6 coordinate directions in both attachment points
are calculated.
Direction `m` requires the coupling properties p_lin36
or p_lin144. |
| fi,chi,psi | = |
The rotation angles from esys to the damper.
The angle fi sets the rotation round the x-axis,
angle chi sets the rotation round the y-axis and
finally angle psi sets the rotation round the z-axis. |
Variables generated in the main memory:
Input variables:
| c_name.l | = |
Length of the coupling. The length is
calculated in the same direction as the
coupling's direction of action. |
| c_name.m1 | = |
Mass number of body 1. |
| c_name.a1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in x-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.b1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in y-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.h1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in z-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.m2 | = |
Mass number of body 2. |
| c_name.a2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in x-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.b2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in y-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.h2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in z-direction on body 2. |
Output variables:
Deformation velocities over the coupling:
| c_name.dx | = |
In the rotated x-direction. |
| c_name.dy | = |
In the rotated y-direction. |
| c_name.dz | = |
In the rotated z-direction. |
| c_name.df | = |
In the rotated f-direction. |
| c_name.dk | = |
In the rotated k-direction. |
| c_name.dp | = |
In the rotated p-direction. |
Force variables generated by the coupling:
| c_name.Fx | = |
In the rotated x-direction. |
| c_name.Fy | = |
In the rotated y-direction. |
| c_name.Fz | = |
In the rotated z-direction. |
| c_name.Mf | = |
In the rotated f-direction. |
| c_name.Mk | = |
In the rotated k-direction. |
| c_name.Mp | = |
In the rotated p-direction. |
Generated force variables on connected bodies:
| c_name.F1x | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the x-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F1y | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the y-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F1z | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the z-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1f | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the f-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1k | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the k-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1p | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the p-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F2x | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the x-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.F2y | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the y-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.F2z | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the z-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2f | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the f-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2k | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the k-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2p | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the p-direction of body #2's lsys. |
Usage:
| – |
Coupling c_l can be used in the same way as coupling coupl c.
In addition to coupling c this coupling can be oriented a small angle of
rotation relative to the coordinate axles of esys.
|
Reference Manuals
Calc menu
Input Data Menu
Coupl Menu
c_type = `c_r`
Defines a damping coupling between two masses.
The damping property is read from a pre-defined property.
The damper can be rotated in a large angle relative to the coordinate axis of esys.
The rotation between esys and the coupling are non-linear,
by using sinus and cosinus functions in the transformation matrix.
The rotation angles must be given in the right order,
because these rotations do not commute.
coupl c_r `c_name' `body1' +-`a1 +-`b1 +-`h1
`body2' +-`a2 +-`b2 +-`h2
`property' `esys' `dire`
`fi `chi `psi
| c_name | = |
Name of the coupling created. |
| body1 | = |
Name of body no. 1, which the coupling is connected to. |
| a1,b1,h1 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 1,
expressed in body 1's local coordinate system lsys. |
| body2 | = |
Name of body no. 2 to which the coupling connects. |
| a2,b2,h2 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 2,
expressed in body 2's local coordinate system lsys. |
| property | = |
Pre-defined coupling property. |
| esys | = |
The coordinate system in which the coupling force
will be calculated. |
| dire | = |
`x`, `y`, `z`, `f`, `k`, `p`, `m`.
Working direction for the damper in esys.
In addition to the Cartesian coordinates,
the user also can choose direction `m`.
Direction `m` means matrix direction, displacements in
all 6 coordinate directions in both attachment points
are calculated.
Direction `m` requires the coupling properties p_lin36
or p_lin144. |
| fi,chi,psi | = |
The procedure for angle rotation esys to the damper
is as follows:
-
First the coupling's coordinate system
rotates the angle psi (positive rotation around the z-axis),
from the esys system to a primed system.
-
Thereafter the coupling's coordinate system turns
the angle chi (positive rotation around the y-axis) around
the primed system as obtained under item 1) above.
-
Finally, the coupling's coordinate system rotates
the angle fi (positive rotation around the x-axis) around
the system, which was obtained under item 2) above, to the
final position.
|
Variables generated in the main memory:
Input variables:
| c_name.l | = |
Length of the coupling. The length is
calculated in the same direction as the
coupling's direction of action. |
| c_name.m1 | = |
Mass number of body 1. |
| c_name.a1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in x-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.b1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in y-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.h1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in z-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.m2 | = |
Mass number of body 2. |
| c_name.a2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in x-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.b2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in y-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.h2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in z-direction on body 2. |
Output variables:
Deformation velocities over the coupling:
| c_name.dx | = |
In the rotated x-direction. |
| c_name.dy | = |
In the rotated y-direction. |
| c_name.dz | = |
In the rotated z-direction. |
| c_name.df | = |
In the rotated f-direction. |
| c_name.dk | = |
In the rotated k-direction. |
| c_name.dp | = |
In the rotated p-direction. |
Force variables generated by the coupling:
| c_name.Fx | = |
In the rotated x-direction. |
| c_name.Fy | = |
In the rotated y-direction. |
| c_name.Fz | = |
In the rotated z-direction. |
| c_name.Mf | = |
In the rotated f-direction. |
| c_name.Mk | = |
In the rotated k-direction. |
| c_name.Mp | = |
In the rotated p-direction. |
Generated force variables on connected bodies:
| c_name.F1x | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the x-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F1y | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the y-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F1z | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the z-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1f | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the f-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1k | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the k-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1p | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the p-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F2x | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the x-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.F2y | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the y-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.F2z | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the z-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2f | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the f-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2k | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the k-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2p | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the p-direction of body #2's lsys. |
Usage:
| – |
Coupling c_r can be used in the same way as coupling coupl c.
In addition to coupling c this coupling can be oriented a large angle of
rotation relative to the coordinate axles of esys.
|
Reference Manuals
Calc menu
Input Data Menu
Coupl Menu
c_type = `c_lin`
Defines a damper with a linear property between two masses.
The dampers working direction is given in dire1 and dire2,
which are expressed in the common esys which the two connecting bodies have.
If the connecting bodies are not related to the same esys, an error will occur and the coupling cannot be created.
Damper with working direction `c` or `cu`, may not have the length 0 (zero), as the value zero does not have a direction.
coupl c_lin `c_name' `body1' `dire1` +-`a1 +-`b1 +-`h1
`body2' `dire2` +-`a2 +-`b2 +-`h2 damp
| c_name | = |
Name of the coupling created. |
| body1 | = |
Name of body no. 1, which the coupling is connected to. |
| dire1 | = |
`x`, `y`, `z`, `c`, `cu`
Working direction for the coupling end connected to body1.
In addition to the Cartesian coordinates are the directions `c`
and `cu`.
Direction `c` refers to the direction specified by
the coupling's attachment points, i.e the force runs
in the direction of the element.
The transformation matrix is calculated when the coupling
is read in the input reading phase of the program.
The same transformation matrix is
then used during the entire calculation.
Direction `cu` has a similar function to `c`,
the difference being that the transformation matrix
is updated continuously as the bodies move. |
| a1,b1,h1 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 1,
expressed in body 1's local coordinate system lsys. |
| body2 | = |
Name of body no. 2 to which the coupling connects. |
| dire2 | = |
Direction of body no. 2 which the coupling
acts in. Direction of body 2 must comply
with body 1, otherwise an error will occur. |
| a2,b2,h2 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 2,
expressed in body 2's local coordinate system lsys. |
| damp | = |
Value of the damping constant. |
Variables generated in the main memory:
Input variables:
| c_name.v | = |
Value of the damping constant. |
| c_name.l | = |
Length of the coupling. The length is
calculated in the same direction as the
coupling's direction of action. |
| c_name.m1 | = |
Mass number of body 1. |
| c_name.a1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in x-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.b1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in y-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.h1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in z-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.m2 | = |
Mass number of body 2. |
| c_name.a2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in x-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.b2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in y-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.h2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in z-direction on body 2. |
Output variables:
Deformation velocities over the coupling:
| c_name.dx | = |
In the x-direction of esys. |
| c_name.dy | = |
In the y-direction of esys. |
| c_name.dz | = |
In the z-direction of esys. |
| c_name.df | = |
In the f-direction of esys. |
| c_name.dk | = |
In the k-direction of esys. |
| c_name.dp | = |
In the p-direction of esys. |
Force variables generated by the coupling:
| c_name.Fx | = |
In the x-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Fy | = |
In the y-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Fz | = |
In the z-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mf | = |
In the f-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mk | = |
In the k-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mp | = |
In the p-direction of esys. |
If the working direction is c or cu, also the following variables are available:
| c_name.d | = |
Deformation velocity in the direction of the coupling. |
| c_name.F | = |
The generated force in the direction of the coupling. |
Generated force variables on connected bodies:
| c_name.F1x | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the x-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F1y | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the y-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F1z | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the z-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1f | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the f-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1k | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the k-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1p | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the p-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F2x | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the x-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.F2y | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the y-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.F2z | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the z-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2f | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the f-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2k | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the k-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2p | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the p-direction of body #2's lsys. |
Reference Manuals
Calc menu
Input Data Menu
Coupl Menu
c_type = `c_nlin`
Defines a damper with a non-linear property between two masses.
The Dampier's working direction is given in dire1 and dire2,
which are expressed in the common esys which the two connecting bodies have.
If the connecting bodies are not related to the same esys,
an error will occur and the coupling cannot be created.
Damper with working direction `c` or `cu`, may not have the length 0 (zero),
as the value zero does not have a direction.
coupl c_nlin `c_name' `body1' `dire1` +-`a1 +-`b1 +-`h1
`body2' `dire2` +-`a2 +-`b2 +-`h2
nd d1,F1 d2,F2 ... d(nd),F(nd)
| c_name | = |
Name of the coupling created. |
| body1 | = |
Name of body no. 1 to which the coupling connects. |
| dire1 | = |
`x`, `y`, `z`, `c`, `cu`
Working direction for the coupling end connected to body1.
In addition to the Cartesian coordinates are the directions `c`
and `cu`.
Direction `c` refers to the direction specified by
the coupling's attachment points, i.e the force runs
in the direction of the element.
The transformation matrix is calculated
in the input reading phase of the program.
The same transformation matrix is
then used during the entire calculation.
Direction `cu` has a similar function to `c`,
the difference being that the transformation matrix
is updated continuously as the bodies move. |
| a1,b1,h1 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 1,
expressed in body 1's local coordinate system lsys. |
| body2 | = |
Name of body no. 2 to which the coupling connects. |
| dire2 | = |
Direction of body no. 2 which the coupling
acts in. Direction of body 2 must comply
with body 1, otherwise an error will occur. |
| a2,b2,h2 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 2,
expressed in body 2's local coordinate system lsys. |
| nd | = |
The number of points which describe the non-linearity
of the damper. |
| d1,F1 | = |
Deformation velocity point no. 1, and corresponding
coupling force F1. |
| d2,F2 | = |
Point no. 2 etc. up to d(nd), F(nd) |
Variables generated in the main memory:
Input variables:
| c_name.nb | = |
Number of value pairs, describing the damping characteristic. |
| c_name.l | = |
Length of the coupling. The length is
calculated in the same direction as the
coupling's direction of action. |
| c_name.m1 | = |
Mass number of body 1. |
| c_name.a1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in x-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.b1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in y-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.h1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in z-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.m2 | = |
Mass number of body 2. |
| c_name.a2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in x-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.b2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in y-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.h2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in z-direction on body 2. |
Output variables:
Deformation velocities over the coupling:
| c_name.dx | = |
In the x-direction of esys. |
| c_name.dy | = |
In the y-direction of esys. |
| c_name.dz | = |
In the z-direction of esys. |
| c_name.df | = |
In the f-direction of esys. |
| c_name.dk | = |
In the k-direction of esys. |
| c_name.dp | = |
In the p-direction of esys. |
Force variables generated by the coupling:
| c_name.Fx | = |
In the x-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Fy | = |
In the y-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Fz | = |
In the z-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mf | = |
In the f-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mk | = |
In the k-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mp | = |
In the p-direction of esys. |
If the working direction is c or cu, also the following variables are available:
| c_name.d | = |
Deformation velocity in the direction of the coupling. |
| c_name.F | = |
The generated force in the direction of the coupling. |
Generated force variables on connected bodies:
| c_name.F1x | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the x-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F1y | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the y-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F1z | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the z-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1f | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the f-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1k | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the k-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1p | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the p-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F2x | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the x-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.F2y | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the y-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.F2z | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the z-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2f | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the f-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2k | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the k-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2p | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the p-direction of body #2's lsys. |
Reference Manuals
Calc menu
Input Data Menu
Coupl Menu
c_type = `c_vs_d`
Defines a displacement-controlled damper.
The damping coefficient depends non-linearly on its deformation.
Defines a damper, the damping constant of which is dependent on its deformation.
The damper assumes that the damping characteristic is described
in a pre-defined property p_nlin, p_nlin_s, p_nlin_t or p_nlin_st,
where the X-axis stands for the damper's deformation,
and the Y-axis stands for the damper's damping constant.
coupl c_vs_d `c_name' `body1' +-`a1 +-`b1 +-`h1
`body2' +-`a2 +-`b2 +-`h2
`property' `esys' `dire`
| c_name | = |
Name of the coupling created. |
| body1 | = |
Name of body no. 1, which the coupling is connected to. |
| a1,b1,h1 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 1,
expressed in body 1's local coordinate system lsys. |
| body2 | = |
Name of body no. 2 to which the coupling connects. |
| a2,b2,h2 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 2,
expressed in body 2's local coordinate system lsys. |
| property | = |
Pre-defined coupling property, damper coefficient as a result
of deformation.
p_nlin, p_nlin_s, p_nlin_t and p_nlin_st are
the only properties permitted. |
| esys | = |
The coordinate system in which the coupling force
will be calculated. |
| dire | = |
`x`, `y`, `z`, `c`, `cu`
Working direction for the coupling end connected to body1.
In addition to the Cartesian coordinates are the directions `c`
and `cu`.
Direction `c` refers to the direction specified by
the coupling's attachment points, i.e the force runs
in the direction of the element.
The transformation matrix is calculated
in the input reading phase of the program.
The same transformation matrix is
then used during the entire calculation.
Direction `cu` has a similar function to `c`,
the difference being that the transformation matrix
is updated continuously as the bodies move. |
Variables generated in the main memory:
Input variables:
| c_name.l | = |
Length of the coupling. The length is
calculated in the same direction as the
coupling's direction of action. |
| c_name.m1 | = |
Mass number of body 1. |
| c_name.a1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in x-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.b1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in y-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.h1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in z-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.m2 | = |
Mass number of body 2. |
| c_name.a2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in x-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.b2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in y-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.h2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in z-direction on body 2. |
Output variables:
Deformation velocities over the coupling:
| c_name.dx | = |
In the x-direction of esys. |
| c_name.dy | = |
In the y-direction of esys. |
| c_name.dz | = |
In the z-direction of esys. |
| c_name.df | = |
In the f-direction of esys. |
| c_name.dk | = |
In the k-direction of esys. |
| c_name.dp | = |
In the p-direction of esys. |
Force variables generated by the coupling:
| c_name.Fx | = |
In the x-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Fy | = |
In the y-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Fz | = |
In the z-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mf | = |
In the f-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mk | = |
In the k-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mp | = |
In the p-direction of esys. |
If the working direction is c or cu, also the following variables are available:
| c_name.d | = |
Deformation velocity in the direction of the coupling. |
| c_name.F | = |
The generated force in the direction of the coupling. |
Generated force variables on connected bodies:
| c_name.F1x | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the x-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F1y | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the y-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F1z | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the z-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1f | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the f-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1k | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the k-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1p | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the p-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F2x | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the x-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.F2y | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the y-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.F2z | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the z-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2f | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the f-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2k | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the k-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2p | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the p-direction of body #2's lsys. |
Usage:
| – |
Coupling c_vs_d is a convenient coupling element for modeling hydraulic
dampers whose damping coefficient depends on the deflection of the
damper. |
Reference Manuals
Calc menu
Input Data Menu
Coupl Menu
c_type = `creep_lookuptable_1`
Defines a rolling contact between two masses.
The main purpose of this coupling is to model the normal- and tangential- forces occuring
in the contact point between wheel and rail.
The advantage of using this coupling instead of the substructure
wr_coupl_pe1.ins or
wr_coupl_pe3.ins
is that the user can
model the wheelset and track more freely.
This coupling can also be used for simulating a guard rail,
or if a vehicle has derailed this couling can be used for modeling the contact
between the wheels and the sleepers.
The creep-forces which arise in the contact point are calculated from the following parameters:
contact pressure, creepage, the surfaces' radii of curvature, coefficient of friction, material constants.
The creep forces are interpolated in a four-dimensional matrix,
where the input data quantities are creep, creepage direction,
spin and the contact ellipse's a/b-ratio
By introducing dimensionless parameters for the creepages
the four-dimensional matrix can be calculated in advance,
and stored in a block data subroutine.
The four-dimensional matrix has been calculated
according to Kalker's simplified theory.
Before this coupling can be created the variables describing the track irregularities
tral111r.y, tral111r.z, tral111r.vy and tral111r.vz must be defined.
These variables can for example be created by function
func tral_interp_spline.
coupl creep_lookuptable_1 c_name
`body1' +-`a1 +-`b1 +-`h1
`body2' +-`a2 +-`b2 +-`h2
esys dire
tral111r.y # Lateral position track irregularity
tral111r.z # Vertical position track irregularity
tral111r.vy # Lateral velocity track irregularity
tral111r.vz # Vertical velocity track irregularity
mulfact_nux # Longitudinal creep relaxation due to contaminated surfaces
mulfact_nuy # Lateral creep relaxation due to contaminated surfaces
mulfact_spin # Spin creep relaxation due to contaminated surfaces
zfn # Wheel lift geometric function
drfn # Wheel radius geometric function
gamfn # Contact angle geometric function
rofn # Lateral curvature geometric function
poswfn # Lateral position of contact point on wheel
posrfn # Lateral position of contact point on rail
knwr.F0_ # Wheel/rail prestess force in normal direction
knwr_ # Wheel/rail stiffness in normal direction of contact surface
cnwr_ # Wheel/rail damping in normal direction of contact surface
E_modulus # The combined modulus of elasticity in body1 and body2
poisson # The combined Poisson's ratio in body1 and body2
mu # The coefficient of friction in the contact surface
ro # Wheel rolling radius, will vary for OOR-wheels
| c_name | = |
Name of the coupling created. |
| body1 | = |
Name of body no. 1, which the coupling is connected to. |
| a1,b1,h1 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 1,
expressed in body 1's local coordinate system lsys. |
| body2 | = |
Name of body no. 2 to which the coupling connects. |
| a2,b2,h2 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 2,
expressed in body 2's local coordinate system lsys. |
| esys | = |
The coordinate system in which the coupling force will be calculated. |
| dire | = |
Working direction for the coupling end connected to body1.
The only valid direction for coupling creep_lookuptable_1 is 'm'. |
| tral111r.y | = |
Lateral irregularity to be applied between body1 and body2
|
| tral111r.z | = |
Vertical irregularity to be applied between body1 and body2
|
| tral111r.vy | = |
Speed of the lateral irregularity between body1 and body2
|
| tral111r.vz | = |
Speed of the vertical irregularity between body1 and body2
|
| mulfact_nux | = |
Creep reduction factor due to contamination and asperities in the contact surface.
mulfact_nux only affects longitudinal creep.
|
| mulfact_nuy | = |
Creep reduction factor due to contamination and asperities in the contact surface.
mulfact_nuy only affects lateral creep.
|
| mulfact_spin | = |
Creep reduction factor due to contamination and asperities in the contact surface.
mulfact_spin only affects spin creep.
|
zfn, drfn, gamfn,
rofn, poswfn, posrfn | = |
Wheel/rail geometrical functions generated by preprocessor kpf.
|
| knwr.F0_ | = |
Prestress force normal to the contact point.
|
| knwr_ | = |
Stiffness normal to the contact surface.
|
| cnwr_ | = |
Damping normal to the contact surface.
|
| E_modulus | = |
The combined modulus of elasticity in body1 and body2,
for steel normally 2.e11
|
| poisson | = |
The combined Poisson's ratio in body1 and body2,
for steel normally 0.3
The
|
| mu | = |
The coefficient of friction in the contact surface.
|
| ro | = |
The longitudinal curve radius in the contact point.
|
Variables generated in the main memory:
| c_name.a1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in x-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.b1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in y-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.h1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in z-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.a2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in x-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.b2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in y-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.h2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in z-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.a/b | = |
The a/b-ratio of the contact ellipse.
The semi-axle a is oriented in the longitudinal direction,
and the semi-axle b is oriented in the lateral direction.
If a/b = 1, the contact point is circular. |
| c_name.c | = |
The geometrical average radii of the contact ellipse,
c is calculated according to:
c= √ a · b
where:
| a |
= |
The length of the contact ellipse longitudinal semi-axle. |
| b |
= |
The length of the contact ellipse lateral semi-axle. |
|
| c_name.nya | = |
The direction of creepage. Input creep
to the coupling is nux and nuy.
These values are converted in crip to a total creep
and a creep direction.
The direction of creepage are measured relative to the
positive x-axes, thus leading to the following:
c_name.nya = 0 creep in positive x-direction.
c_name.nya = pi/2 creep in positive y-direction.
c_name.nya = pi creep in negative x-direction.
c_name.nya =-pi/2 creep in negative y-direction. |
| c_name.uny | = |
Dimensionless creepage parameter calculated according
to the following equation:
c_name.uny= c_nu * ro / mu / c_name.c
Where:
| c_nu | = |
creepage in direction c_name.nya |
| ro | = |
The lateral difference in curvature between wheel
and rail at the contact point. |
| mu | = |
The coefficient of friction between wheel and rail. |
|
| c_name.usp | = |
Dimensionless spin parameter calculated according
to the following equation:
c_name.usp = c_spin * ro / mu
Where:
| c_spin | = |
Spin creepage. |
| ro | = |
The lateral difference in curvature between wheel
and rail at the contact point. |
| mu | = |
The coefficient of friction between wheel and rail. |
|
| c_name.Fnx | = |
Longitudinal creep force in plane with the contact
surface. Positive value gives positive force on the
track at the contact point surface level. |
| c_name.Fny | = |
Lateral creep force in plane with the contact
surface. Positive value gives positive force on the
track at the contact point surface level. |
Generated variables containing forces and moment, acting on body1 and body2:
| c_name.F1x | = |
Longitudinal force acting on body1.
|
| c_name.F1y | = |
Lateral force acting on body1.
|
| c_name.F1z | = |
Vertical force acting on body1.
|
| c_name.M1f | = |
Roll moment acting on body1.
|
| c_name.M1k | = |
Pitch moment acting on body1.
|
| c_name.M1p | = |
Yaw moment acting on body1.
|
| | |
|
| c_name.F2x | = |
Longitudinal force acting on body2.
|
| c_name.F2y | = |
Lateral force acting on body2.
|
| c_name.F2z | = |
Vertical force acting on body2.
|
| c_name.M2f | = |
Roll moment acting on body2.
|
| c_name.M2k | = |
Pitch moment acting on body2.
|
| c_name.M2p | = |
Yaw moment acting on body2.
|
Reference Manuals
Calc menu
Input Data Menu
Coupl Menu
c_type = `creep_fasim_1`
Defines a rolling contact between two masses.
The main purpose of this coupling is to model the normal- and tangential- forces occuring
in the contact point between wheel and rail.
The advantage of using this coupling instead of the substructure
wr_coupl_pr1.ins is that the user can
model the wheelset and track more freely.
This coupling can also be used for simulating a guard rail,
or if a vehicle has derailed this couling can be used for modeling the contact
between the wheels and the sleepers.
The calculation of creep forces in the contact point is carried out by interpolation in a four-dimensional lookup-table,
which has been calculated according to Kalker's simplified theory of contact.
Before this coupling can be created the variables describing the track irregularities
tral111r.y, tral111r.z, tral111r.vy and tral111r.vz must be defined.
These variables can for example be created by function
func tral_interp_spline.
coupl creep_fasim_1 c_name
`body1' +-`a1 +-`b1 +-`h1
`body2' +-`a2 +-`b2 +-`h2
esys dire
tral111r.y # Lateral position track irregularity
tral111r.z # Vertical position track irregularity
tral111r.vy # Lateral velocity track irregularity
tral111r.vz # Vertical velocity track irregularity
mulfact_nux # Longitudinal creep relaxation due to contaminated surfaces
mulfact_nuy # Lateral creep relaxation due to contaminated surfaces
mulfact_spin # Spin creep relaxation due to contaminated surfaces
zfn # Wheel lift geometric function
drfn # Wheel radius geometric function
gamfn # Contact angle geometric function
rofn # Lateral curvature geometric function
poswfn # Lateral position of contact point on wheel
posrfn # Lateral position of contact point on rail
knwr.F0_ # Wheel/rail prestess force in normal direction
knwr_ # Wheel/rail stiffness in normal direction of contact surface
cnwr_ # Wheel/rail damping in normal direction of contact surface
G_modulus # The combined modulus of sheal-elasticity in body1 and body2
mu # The coefficient of friction in the contact surface
ro # Wheel rolling radius, will vary for OOR-wheels
poisson # The combined Poisson's ratio in body1 and body2
mgitr # Size of gitter in longitudinal direction
ngitr # Size of gitter in lateral direction
| c_name | = |
Name of the coupling created. |
| body1 | = |
Name of body no. 1, which the coupling is connected to. |
| a1,b1,h1 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 1,
expressed in body 1's local coordinate system lsys. |
| body2 | = |
Name of body no. 2 to which the coupling connects. |
| a2,b2,h2 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 2,
expressed in body 2's local coordinate system lsys. |
| esys | = |
The coordinate system in which the coupling force will be calculated. |
| dire | = |
Working direction for the coupling end connected to body1.
The only valid direction for coupling creep_fasim_1 is 'm'. |
| tral111r.y | = |
Lateral irregularity to be applied between body1 and body2
|
| tral111r.z | = |
Vertical irregularity to be applied between body1 and body2
|
| tral111r.vy | = |
Speed of the lateral irregularity between body1 and body2
|
| tral111r.vz | = |
Speed of the vertical irregularity between body1 and body2
|
| mulfact_nux | = |
Creep reduction factor due to contamination and asperities in the contact surface.
mulfact_nux only affects longitudinal creep.
|
| mulfact_nuy | = |
Creep reduction factor due to contamination and asperities in the contact surface.
mulfact_nuy only affects lateral creep.
|
| mulfact_spin | = |
Creep reduction factor due to contamination and asperities in the contact surface.
mulfact_spin only affects spin creep.
|
zfn, drfn, gamfn,
rofn, poswfn, posrfn | = |
Wheel/rail geometrical functions generated in the preprocessor kpf.
|
| knwr.F0_ | = |
Prestress force normal to the contact point.
|
| knwr_ | = |
Stiffness normal to the contact surface.
Knwr_ must be defined as a memory field where the stiffness is a function of the contact angle.
Variable knwr_ can be created in function func intpl_r.
|
| cnwr_ | = |
Damping normal to the contact surface.
Cnwr_ must be defined as a memory field where the stiffness is a function of the contact angle.
Variable cnwr_ can be created in function func intpl_r.
|
| E_modulus | = |
The combined modulus of elasticity in body1 and body2,
for steel normally 2.e11
|
| poisson | = |
The combined Poisson's ratio in body1 and body2,
for steel normally 0.3
The
|
| mu | = |
The coefficient of friction in the contact surface.
|
| ro | = |
The longitudinal curve radius in the contact point.
|
Variables generated in the main memory:
| c_name.a1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in x-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.b1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in y-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.h1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in z-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.a2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in x-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.b2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in y-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.h2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in z-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.a | = |
Size of contact surface semi-axis in longitudinal direction.
|
| c_name.b | = |
Size of contact surface semi-axis in lateral direction.
|
| c_name.a/b | = |
The a/b-ratio of the contact ellipse.
The semi-axle a is oriented in the longitudinal direction,
and the semi-axle b is oriented in the lateral direction.
If a/b = 1, the contact point is circular. |
| c_name.c | = |
The geometrical average radii of the contact ellipse,
c is calculated according to:
c= √ a · b
where:
| a |
= |
The length of the contact ellipse longitudinal semi-axle. |
| b |
= |
The length of the contact ellipse lateral semi-axle. |
|
| c_name.nux | = |
Longitudinal creepage in plane with the contact surface.
Positive value gives positive force on the track at the contact point surface level. |
| c_name.Fnx | = |
Longitudinal creep force in plane with the contact surface.
Positive value gives positive force on the track at the contact point surface level. |
| c_name.Fny | = |
Lateral creep force in plane with the contact surface.
Positive value gives positive force on the track at the contact point surface level. |
| c_name.Mz | = |
Spin moment in contact point.
|
| c_name.FMnu | = |
Energy dissipation in contact point.
|
Generated variables containing forces and moment, acting on body1 and body2:
| c_name.F1x | = |
Longitudinal force acting on body1.
|
| c_name.F1y | = |
Lateral force acting on body1.
|
| c_name.F1z | = |
Vertical force acting on body1.
|
| c_name.M1f | = |
Roll moment acting on body1.
|
| c_name.M1k | = |
Pitch moment acting on body1.
|
| c_name.M1p | = |
Yaw moment acting on body1.
|
| | |
|
| c_name.F2x | = |
Longitudinal force acting on body2.
|
| c_name.F2y | = |
Lateral force acting on body2.
|
| c_name.F2z | = |
Vertical force acting on body2.
|
| c_name.M2f | = |
Roll moment acting on body2.
|
| c_name.M2k | = |
Pitch moment acting on body2.
|
| c_name.M2p | = |
Yaw moment acting on body2.
|
Reference Manuals
Calc menu
Input Data Menu
Coupl Menu
c_type = `creep_tanel_springs_1`
Defines a rolling contact between two masses.
The main purpose of this coupling is to model the normal- and tangential- forces occuring
in the contact point between wheel and rail,
but the coupling is very general and can be used for connecting all types of masses.
The creep_tanel_springs_1-coupling is a very advanced coupling.
No precalculated wheel/rail geometry functions are needed.
Creep_tanel_springs uses the wheel and rail profiles directly.
On top of the rail a mesh of brushes are located,
all brushes are normal to the rail surface and all
have flexibilities in compression- and tangential- directions.
The compression flexibility solves the vertical problem,
the wheel profile is pressed towards the rail profile until
the enough vertical force is generated.
The shape of the contact surface is determined by the shape and the positions of the wheel- and the rail- profiles.
The contact pressure distribution calculated in the vertical problem,
are later used for calculating the tangential creep forces.
Before this coupling can be created the variables describing the track irregularities
tral111r.y, tral111r.z, tral111r.vy and tral111r.vz must be defined.
These variables can for example be created in function
func tral_interp_spline.
coupl creep_tanel_springs_1 c_name
`body1' +-`a1 +-`b1 +-`h1
`body2' +-`a2 +-`b2 +-`h2
esys dire # Euler system and direction of action
tral111r.y # Lateral position track irregularity
tral111r.z # Vertical position track irregularity
tral111r.vy # Lateral velocity track irregularity
tral111r.vz # Vertical velocity track irregularity
ro # Wheel rolling radius, will vary for OOR-wheels
iorient # Orientation of profiles +1=left, -1=right
mu # The coefficient of friction in the contact surface
mulfact_nux # Longitudinal creep relaxation due to contaminated surfaces
mulfact_nuy # Lateral creep relaxation due to contaminated surfaces
mulfact_spin # Spin creep relaxation due to contaminated surfaces
kz_winkler # Normal stiffness as in the Winkler bed
kz_tanel_1 # Vert. interconnection coupling in x- and y- direction
kx_fastsim # Long. stiffn. equals parameter 1/L1 in Fastsim
kx_tanel_1 # Long. interconnection coupling in x-direction
kx_tanel_2 # Long. interconnection coupling in y-direction
ky_fastsim # Lat. stiffn. equals parameter 1/L2 in Fastsim
ky_tanel_1 # Lat. interconnection coupling in y-direction
ky_tanel_2 # Lat. interconnection coupling in x-direction
cz_winkler # Wheel/rail damping normal to the contact surface
wheel_prof # Wheel profile
nl_brush # Number of brushes in longitudinal direction on rail head
xl_brush # Distance between brushes in longitudinal direction
rail_prof # Rail profile
| c_name | = |
Name of the coupling created. |
| body1 | = |
Name of body no. 1, which the coupling is connected to. |
| a1,b1,h1 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 1,
expressed in body 1's local coordinate system lsys. |
| body2 | = |
Name of body no. 2 to which the coupling connects. |
| a2,b2,h2 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 2,
expressed in body 2's local coordinate system lsys. |
| esys | = |
The coordinate system in which the coupling force will be calculated. |
| dire | = |
Working direction for the coupling end connected to body1.
The only valid direction for coupling creep_tanel_springs_1 is 'm'. |
| tral111r.y | = |
Lateral irregularity to be applied between body1 and body2
|
| tral111r.z | = |
Vertical irregularity to be applied between body1 and body2
|
| tral111r.vy | = |
Speed of the lateral irregularity between body1 and body2
|
| tral111r.vz | = |
Speed of the vertical irregularity between body1 and body2
|
| ro | = |
The longitudinal curve radius in the contact point.
|
| iorient | = |
The orientation of the wheel and rail profile.
Normally wheel- and rail- profiles are measured from track center line and out,
which makes both profiles look as left handed profiles.
The user can with this input data mirror the profiles on the right side of the track,
without generate special right handed profiles.
|
| mu | = |
The coefficient of friction in the contact surface.
|
| mulfact_nux | = |
Creep reduction factor due to contamination and asperities in the contact surface.
mulfact_nux only affects longitudinal creep.
|
| mulfact_nuy | = |
Creep reduction factor due to contamination and asperities in the contact surface.
mulfact_nuy only affects lateral creep.
|
| mulfact_spin | = |
Creep reduction factor due to contamination and asperities in the contact surface.
mulfact_spin only affects spin creep.
|
| kz_winkler | = |
The normal stiffness per brush.
|
| kz_tanel_1 | = |
Vert. interconnection coupling in x- and y- direction
|
| kx_fastsim | = |
Long. stiffn. equals parameter 1/L1 in Fastsim
|
| kx_tanel_1 | = |
Long. interconnection coupling in x-direction
|
| kx_tanel_2 | = |
Long. interconnection coupling in y-direction
|
| ky_fastsim | = |
Lat. stiffn. equals parameter 1/L2 in Fastsim
|
| ky_tanel_1 | = |
Lat. interconnection coupling in y-direction
|
| ky_tanel_2 | = |
Lat. interconnection coupling in x-direction
|
| cz_winkler | = |
Wheel/rail damping normal to the contact surface
|
| wheel_prof | = |
Wheel profile
|
| nl_brush | = |
Number of brushes in longitudinal direction on rail head
|
| xl_brush | = |
Distance between brushes in longitudinal direction
|
| rail_prof | = |
Rail profile
|
Variables generated in the main memory:
| c_name.a1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in x-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.b1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in y-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.h1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in z-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.a2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in x-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.b2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in y-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.h2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in z-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.slip_area | = |
Relative size of the slip zone in the contact point. |
| c_name.Fnx | = |
Longitudinal creep force, in plane with the contact surface.
A positive value gives a positive force on body1. |
| c_name.Fny | = |
Lateral creep force, in plane with the contact surface.
A positive value gives a positive force on body1. |
Generated variables containing forces and moment, acting on body1 and body2:
| c_name.F1x | = |
Longitudinal force acting on body1.
|
| c_name.F1y | = |
Lateral force acting on body1.
|
| c_name.F1z | = |
Vertical force acting on body1.
|
| c_name.M1f | = |
Roll moment acting on body1.
|
| c_name.M1k | = |
Pitch moment acting on body1.
|
| c_name.M1p | = |
Yaw moment acting on body1.
|
| | |
|
| c_name.F2x | = |
Longitudinal force acting on body2.
|
| c_name.F2y | = |
Lateral force acting on body2.
|
| c_name.F2z | = |
Vertical force acting on body2.
|
| c_name.M2f | = |
Roll moment acting on body2.
|
| c_name.M2k | = |
Pitch moment acting on body2.
|
| c_name.M2p | = |
Yaw moment acting on body2.
|
Reference Manuals
Calc menu
Input Data Menu
Coupl Menu
c_type = `derailm_2`
Defines a contact element between two bodies.
The derailm_2-element can be used in simulations of derailment situations.
The following simple example shows a model of a disk brake and a track with sleepers and rails.
Number of nodes in the contact lines are undefined, the program reads coordinates until the command "End" is given.
The two contact surfaces consists of vertical and horizontal lines only, sloping lines are not possible to define.
Only one side of a contact line can produce contact force.
In input data the user must define which side of the contact line that can produce the contact force,
by giving a '+' or '-' sign before the next coordinate.
Also in longitudinal direction a force will occur.
The longitudinal force will be set equal to the
contact force times the coefficient of friction mu_x.
The longitudinal force acting on body1,
will be in opposite direction relative to the longitudinal speed of body1.
coupl derailm_2 `c_name'
`body1' +-`a1 +-`b1 +-`h1
`body2' +-`a2 +-`b2 +-`h2 esys
+-`stiffy +-`stiffz
+-`dampny +-`dampnz
+-`defmaxy +-`defmaxz
+-`mu_x
`Start_Dir_Surf1'
+-`c1, (+|-), +-`d1
(+|-),+-`c2 (+|-),+-`d3 (+|-),+-`c4, , , , , `End1',+-`dn
`Start_Dir_Surf2'
+-`C1, (+|-), +-`D1
(+|-),+-`C2 (+|-),+-`D3 (+|-),+-`C4, , , , , `End2',+-`Dn
| c_name | = |
Name of the coupling created. |
| body1 | = |
Name of body no. 1, which the coupling is connected to. |
| a1,b1,h1 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 1,
expressed in body 1's local coordinate system lsys. |
| body2 | = |
Name of body no. 2 to which the coupling connects. |
| a2,b2,h2 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 2,
expressed in body 2's local coordinate system lsys. |
| esys | = |
The coordinate system in which the coupling force
will be calculated. |
| stiffy | = |
Stiffness when two vertical contact lines meets. |
| stiffz | = |
Stiffness when two horizontal contact lines meets. |
| dampny | = |
Viscous damping when two vertical contact lines meets.
Damping force is only calculated when the two surfaces are moving towards each other.
Damping force are not calculated in tension.
|
| dampnz | = |
Damping when two horizontal contact lines meets.
Damping force is only calculated when the two surfaces are moving towards each other.
Damping force are not calculated in tension.
|
| defmaxy | = |
Max compression in lateral direction for the contact surfaces.
If the compression is bigger than defmaxy,
the surfaces are considered to be on the other side of each other.
A warning message is printed on standard output if two surfaces are near to be
pressed through each other. |
| defmaxz | = |
Max compression in vertical direction, similar to defmaxy. |
| mu_x | = |
Longitudinal coefficient of friction when two surfaces meets. |
| Start_Dir_Surf1 | = |
Start_Dir_Surf1="Horizontal" means that the contact surface for body #1 starts
with a horizontal line.
When Start_Dir_Surf1 is set to "Horizontal" then all values c# are
coordinates in lateral direction, and all values d# are
coordinates in vertical direction.
When Start_Dir_Surf1 is set to "Vertical" the opposite will apply,
the first line is vertical, c# are vertical coordinates and d# are lateral coordinates. |
| c#, (+|-), d# | = |
c# and d# are coordinates defining the contact surface, see also explanation under Start_Dir_Surf1.
The sign + or - defines which side of the line that will produce contact forces.
Only one side of a line can generate contact forces.
Contact forces are only produced if a +surface is hitting a -surface or vice versa.
Input of the contact line is finished with the command "End1".
|
| Start_Dir_Surf2 | = |
Start_Dir_Surf2 is similar to Start_Dir_Surf1, but valid for body #2.
|
| C#, (+|-), D# | = |
The coordinates for contact line #2 are defined in the same way as for contact line #2.
Input of the contact line is finished with the command "End2".
|
Variables generated in the main memory:
Input variables:
| c_name.m1 | = |
Mass number of body 1. |
| c_name.a1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in x-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.b1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in y-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.h1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in z-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.m2 | = |
Mass number of body 2. |
| c_name.a2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in x-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.b2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in y-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.h2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in z-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.ky | = |
Lateral stiffness stiffy. |
| c_name.kz | = |
Vertical stiffness stiffz. |
| c_name.cy | = |
Lateral damping dampny. |
| c_name.cz | = |
Vertical damping dampnz. |
| c_name.defmaxy | = |
Max compression in lateral direction. |
| c_name.defmaxy | = |
Max compression in vertical direction. |
| c_name.mux | = |
Longitudinal friction. |
Output variables:
Deformation of the coupling:
| c_name.dx | = |
In the x-direction of esys. |
| c_name.dy | = |
In the y-direction of esys. |
| c_name.dz | = |
In the z-direction of esys. |
| c_name.df | = |
In the f-direction of esys. |
| c_name.dk | = |
In the k-direction of esys. |
| c_name.dp | = |
In the p-direction of esys. |
Force variables generated by the coupling:
| c_name.Fx | = |
In the x-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Fy | = |
In the y-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Fz | = |
In the z-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mf | = |
In the f-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mk | = |
In the k-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mp | = |
In the p-direction of esys. |
Generated force variables on connected bodies:
| c_name.F1x | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the x-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F1y | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the y-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F1z | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the z-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1f | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the f-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1k | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the k-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1p | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the p-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F2x | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the x-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.F2y | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the y-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.F2z | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the z-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2f | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the f-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2k | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the k-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2p | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the p-direction of body #2's lsys. |
Usage:
| – |
Coupling derailm_2 has mainly been designed for simulations in a derailment situation. |
Reference Manuals
Calc menu
Input Data Menu
Coupl Menu
c_type = `k`, `k_preZ`
Defines a stiffness coupling between two masses.
The stiffness property is read from a pre-defined property.
A variant of coupl k is named coupl k_preZ.
In coupl k_preZ program CALC automatically calculates the
nominal vertical prestress force in the coupling,
in order to keep the connecting masses at zero vertical level.
Springs which are connected in direction `c` or `cu` may not have the length 0(zero),
as the value zero does not have any direction.
coupl k `c_name' `body1' +-`a1 +-`b1 +-`h1
`body2' +-`a2 +-`b2 +-`h2
`property' `esys' `dire`
| c_name | = |
Name of the coupling created. |
| body1 | = |
Name of body no. 1, which the coupling is connected to. |
| a1,b1,h1 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 1,
expressed in body 1's local coordinate system lsys. |
| body2 | = |
Name of body no. 2 to which the coupling connects. |
| a2,b2,h2 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 2,
expressed in body 2's local coordinate system lsys. |
| property | = |
Pre-defined coupling property. |
| esys | = |
The coordinate system in which the coupling force
will be calculated. |
| dire | = |
`x`,`cx`, y`,`cy`,`z`,`cz`, `f`,`k`,`p`, `c`,`cu`, `m`
The coupling's direction of action in esys.
In addition to the Cartesian coordinates,
are the directions `c`, `cu`, `cx`, `cz`, and `m`.
Direction `c` refers to the direction specified by
the coupling's attachment points, i.e the force
runs in the direction of the element.
The transformation matrix is calculated in the input
reading phase of the program.
The same transformation matrix is then used
during the entire calculation.
Direction `cu` has a similar function as `c`,
the difference being that the transformation
matrix is updated continuously as the bodies move.
The directions of activity `cx`, `cy`, or `cz` refer
to the same directions as `x`, `y`, or `z` but
the coupling's nominal length is eliminated on
calculation of the coupling's deformation and force.
The direction `m` refers to the matrix direction,
all 6 coordinate directions of the attachment
points are calculated. Direction `m` requires
p_lin36 or p_lin144 as coupling properties. |
Variables generated in the main memory:
Input variables:
| c_name.l | = |
Length of the coupling. The length is
calculated in the same direction as the
coupling's direction of action. |
| c_name.m1 | = |
Mass number of body 1. |
| c_name.a1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in x-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.b1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in y-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.h1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in z-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.m2 | = |
Mass number of body 2. |
| c_name.a2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in x-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.b2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in y-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.h2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in z-direction on body 2. |
Output variables:
Deformation of the coupling:
| c_name.dx | = |
In the x-direction of esys. |
| c_name.dy | = |
In the y-direction of esys. |
| c_name.dz | = |
In the z-direction of esys. |
| c_name.df | = |
In the f-direction of esys. |
| c_name.dk | = |
In the k-direction of esys. |
| c_name.dp | = |
In the p-direction of esys. |
Force variables generated by the coupling:
| c_name.Fx | = |
In the x-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Fy | = |
In the y-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Fz | = |
In the z-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mf | = |
In the f-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mk | = |
In the k-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mp | = |
In the p-direction of esys. |
If the working direction is c or cu, also the following variables are available:
| c_name.d | = |
Deformation in the direction of the coupling. |
| c_name.F | = |
The generated force in the direction of the coupling. |
Generated force variables on connected bodies:
| c_name.F1x | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the x-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F1y | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the y-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F1z | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the z-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1f | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the f-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1k | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the k-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1p | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the p-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F2x | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the x-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.F2y | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the y-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.F2z | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the z-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2f | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the f-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2k | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the k-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2p | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the p-direction of body #2's lsys. |
Usage:
| – |
Modeling of a bushing.
Define a coupling without length, i.e. give the same position for both ends of the coupling.
Define the property via coupl p_lin36 or coupl p_lin144.
Set the working direction of the coupling equal to m. |
| – |
Modeling of the stiffness in a traction rod.
Define a coupling with length.
Define a one-dimensional property with coupl p_lin, coupl p_nlin, coupl p_nlin_s, coupl p_nlin_t or coupl p_nlin_st.
Set the working direction of the coupling equal to c or cu. |
| – |
Modeling of chevron elements.
When measuring the stiffness of two chevron elements coupled in parallel,
three effective stiffnesses kx, ky and kz can be measured.
Enter the stiffnesses in a p_lin36 property.
Set the working direction of the coupling equal to m. |
| – |
Modeling of stops.
Define a coupling without length, i.e. give the same position for both ends of the coupling.
Define a non-linear property with coupl p_nlin, coupl p_nlin_s, coupl p_nlin_t or coupl p_nlin_st.
Set zero stiffness for zero deflection.
Set the working direction of the coupling equal to x, y or z. |
| – |
Anti-roll bar.
Define a coupling without length, i.e. give the same position for both ends of the coupling.
Define a one-dimensional property with coupl p_lin, coupl p_nlin, coupl p_nlin_s, coupl p_nlin_t or coupl p_nlin_st.
Set the working direction of the coupling equal to f. |
Reference Manuals
Calc menu
Input Data Menu
Coupl Menu
c_type = `k_l`, `k_l_preZ`
Defines a stiffness coupling between two masses.
The stiffness property is taken read a pre-defined property.
A variant of coupl k_l is named coupl k_l_preZ.
In coupl k_l_preZ program CALC automatically calculates the
nominal vertical prestress force in the coupling,
in order to keep the connecting masses at zero vertical level.
The stiffness can be given a small rotation angle relative, to the coordinate axis in esys.
The rotation between esys and the coupling is linear (cos(fi)=1 and sin(fi)=fi).
coupl k_l `c_name' `body1' +-`a1 +-`b1 +-`h1
`body2' +-`a2 +-`b2 +-`h2
`property' `esys' `dire`
`fi `chi `psi
| c_name | = |
Name of the coupling created. |
| body1 | = |
Name of body no. 1, which the coupling is connected to. |
| a1,b1,h1 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 1,
expressed in body 1's local coordinate system lsys. |
| body2 | = |
Name of body no. 2 to which the coupling connects. |
| a2,b2,h2 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 2,
expressed in body 2's local coordinate system lsys. |
| property | = |
Pre-defined coupling property. |
| esys | = |
The coordinate system in which the coupling force
will be calculated. |
| dire | = |
`x`, `y`, `z`, `f`, `k`, `p`, `m`.
Working direction for the damper in esys.
In addition to the Cartesian coordinates,
the user also can choose direction `m`.
Direction `m` means matrix direction, displacements in
all 6 coordinate directions in both attachment points
are calculated.
Direction `m` requires the coupling properties p_lin36
or p_lin144. |
| fi,chi,psi | = |
The rotation angles from esys to the damper.
The angle fi sets the rotation round the x-axis,
angle chi sets the rotation round the y-axis and
finally angle psi sets the rotation round the z-axis. |
Variables generated in the main memory:
Input variables:
| c_name.l | = |
Length of the coupling. The length is
calculated in the same direction as the
coupling's direction of action. |
| c_name.m1 | = |
Mass number of body 1. |
| c_name.a1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in x-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.b1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in y-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.h1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in z-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.m2 | = |
Mass number of body 2. |
| c_name.a2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in x-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.b2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in y-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.h2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in z-direction on body 2. |
Output variables:
Deformation of the coupling:
| c_name.dx | = |
In the rotated x-direction. |
| c_name.dy | = |
In the rotated y-direction. |
| c_name.dz | = |
In the rotated z-direction. |
| c_name.df | = |
In the rotated f-direction. |
| c_name.dk | = |
In the rotated k-direction. |
| c_name.dp | = |
In the rotated p-direction. |
Force variables generated by the coupling:
| c_name.Fx | = |
In the rotated x-direction. |
| c_name.Fy | = |
In the rotated y-direction. |
| c_name.Fz | = |
In the rotated z-direction. |
| c_name.Mf | = |
In the rotated f-direction. |
| c_name.Mk | = |
In the rotated k-direction. |
| c_name.Mp | = |
In the rotated p-direction. |
Generated force variables on connected bodies:
| c_name.F1x | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the x-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F1y | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the y-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F1z | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the z-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1f | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the f-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1k | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the k-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1p | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the p-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F2x | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the x-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.F2y | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the y-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.F2z | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the z-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2f | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the f-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2k | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the k-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2p | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the p-direction of body #2's lsys. |
Usage:
| – |
Coupling k_l can be used in the same way as coupling coupl k.
In addition to coupling k this coupling can be oriented a small angle of
rotation relative to the coordinate axles of esys.
This extra rotation angle is only valid if the working direction of the
coupling is x, y, z, f, k, p or m |
Reference Manuals
Calc menu
Input Data Menu
Coupl Menu
c_type = `k_r`, `k_r_preZ`
Defines a stiffness coupling between two masses.
The stiffness property is read from a pre-defined property.
A variant of coupl k_r is named coupl k_r_preZ.
In coupl k_r_preZ program CALC automatically calculates the
nominal vertical prestress force in the coupling,
in order to keep the connecting masses at zero vertical level.
The spring can be rotated in a large angle relative to the coordinate axis of esys.
The rotation between esys and the coupling are non-linear,
by using sinus and cosinus functions in the transformation matrix.
The rotation angles must be given in the right order,
because these rotations do not commute.
coupl k_r `c_name' `body1' +-`a1 +-`b1 +-`h1
`body2' +-`a2 +-`b2 +-`h2
`property' `esys' `dire`
`fi `chi `psi
| c_name | = |
Name of the coupling created. |
| body1 | = |
Name of body no. 1, which the coupling is connected to. |
| a1,b1,h1 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 1,
expressed in body 1's local coordinate system lsys. |
| body2 | = |
Name of body no. 2 to which the coupling connects. |
| a2,b2,h2 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 2,
expressed in body 2's local coordinate system lsys. |
| property | = |
Pre-defined coupling property. |
| esys | = |
The coordinate system in which the coupling force
will be calculated. |
| dire | = |
`x`, `y`, `z`, `f`, `k`, `p`, `m`.
Working direction for the coupling in esys.
In addition to the Cartesian coordinates,
the user also can choose direction `m`.
Direction `m` means matrix direction, displacements in
all 6 coordinate directions in both attachment points
are calculated.
Direction `m` requires the coupling properties p_lin36
or p_lin144. |
| fi,chi,psi | = |
The procedure for angle rotation esys to the coupling
is as follows:
-
First the coupling's coordinate system
rotates the angle psi (positive rotation around the z-axis),
from the esys system to a primed system.
-
Thereafter the coupling's coordinate system turns
the angle chi (positive rotation around the y-axis) around
the primed system as obtained under item 1) above.
-
Finally, the coupling's coordinate system rotates
the angle fi (positive rotation around the x-axis) around
the system, which was obtained under item 2) above, to the
final position.
|
Variables generated in the main memory:
Input variables:
| c_name.l | = |
Length of the coupling. The length is
calculated in the same direction as the
coupling's direction of action. |
| c_name.m1 | = |
Mass number of body 1. |
| c_name.a1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in x-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.b1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in y-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.h1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in z-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.m2 | = |
Mass number of body 2. |
| c_name.a2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in x-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.b2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in y-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.h2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in z-direction on body 2. |
Output variables:
Deformation of the coupling:
| c_name.dx | = |
In the rotated x-direction. |
| c_name.dy | = |
In the rotated y-direction. |
| c_name.dz | = |
In the rotated z-direction. |
| c_name.df | = |
In the rotated f-direction. |
| c_name.dk | = |
In the rotated k-direction. |
| c_name.dp | = |
In the rotated p-direction. |
Force variables generated by the coupling:
| c_name.Fx | = |
In the rotated x-direction. |
| c_name.Fy | = |
In the rotated y-direction. |
| c_name.Fz | = |
In the rotated z-direction. |
| c_name.Mf | = |
In the rotated f-direction. |
| c_name.Mk | = |
In the rotated k-direction. |
| c_name.Mp | = |
In the rotated p-direction. |
Generated force variables on connected bodies:
| c_name.F1x | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the x-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F1y | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the y-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F1z | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the z-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1f | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the f-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1k | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the k-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1p | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the p-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F2x | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the x-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.F2y | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the y-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.F2z | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the z-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2f | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the f-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2k | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the k-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2p | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the p-direction of body #2's lsys. |
Usage:
| – |
Coupling k_r can be used in the same way as coupling coupl k.
In addition to coupling k this coupling can be oriented a large angle of
rotation relative to the coordinate axles of esys.
This extra rotation angle is only valid if the working direction of the
coupling is x, y, z, f, k, p or m |
Reference Manuals
Calc menu
Input Data Menu
Coupl Menu
c_type = `k3`, `k3_preZ`
Defines a stiffness coupling between two masses, the stiffness properties is
read from pre-defined properties.
Coupling k3 is mainly developed for the modeling of standing vertically prestressed coil-springs.
As input data the user only gives plain longitudinal, lateral and vertical stiffnesses.
When measuring the longitudinal and lateral stiffnesses of the coil-spring it is important
that the spring is subjected to a pure shear deformation.
For a detailed description of the k3-coupling,
please see the separate theory report
"Calculation of coil springs, subjected to vertical load." in Swedish
"Behandling av fjädrar vars infästningar ej är momentfria och som uppbär tyngd genom sig."
A variant of coupl k3 is named coupl k3_preZ.
In coupl k3_preZ program CALC automatically calculates the
nominal vertical prestress force in the coupling,
in order to keep the connecting masses at zero vertical level.
coupl k3 `c_name' `body1' +-`a1 +-`b1 +-`h1
`body2' +-`a2 +-`b2 +-`h2
`property_x' `property_y' `property_z'
`h `rf `esys' `dire`
| c_name | = |
Name of the coupling created. |
| body1 | = |
Name of body no. 1 to which the coupling connects.
Body 1 is the body which is supported by the coupling. |
| a1,b1,h1 | = |
The coordinate for the upper surface of the coupling,
which is the surface which connects to body1. |
| body2 | = |
Name of body no. 2 to which the coupling connects.
Body 2 supports the coupling and also the weight of body1. |
| a2,b2,h2 | = |
The coordinate for the upper surface of the coupling,
i.e. the same as a1,b,h1. |
| property_x | = |
Stiffness in the X-direction when the spring is subjected to only X-deformation.
The upper and lower surfaces of the spring must both be kept horizontal.
|
| property_y | = |
Stiffness in the Y-direction when the spring is subjected to only Y-deformation.
The upper and lower surfaces of the spring must both be kept horizontal.
|
| property_z | = |
Stiffness in the Z-direction when the spring is subjected to only Z-deformation. |
| h | = |
Height between the two connection surfaces of the spring. |
| rf | = |
Relative distance from the upper surface of the spring to the point of inflexion.
The absolute distance is calculated as rf*h. |
| esys | = |
The coordinate system in which the coupling force will be calculated. |
| dire | = |
`m` is the only direction valid for this coupling. |
Variables generated in the main memory:
Input variables:
| c_name.m1 | = |
Mass number of body 1. |
| c_name.a1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in x-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.b1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in y-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.h1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in z-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.m2 | = |
Mass number of body 2. |
| c_name.a2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in x-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.b2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in y-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.h2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in z-direction on body 2. |
Output variables:
Deformation of the coupling:
| c_name.dx | = |
In the x-direction of esys. |
| c_name.dy | = |
In the y-direction of esys. |
| c_name.dz | = |
In the z-direction of esys. |
| c_name.df | = |
In the f-direction of esys. |
| c_name.dk | = |
In the k-direction of esys. |
| c_name.dp | = |
In the p-direction of esys. |
Force variables generated by the coupling:
| c_name.Fx | = |
In the x-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Fy | = |
In the y-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Fz | = |
In the z-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mf | = |
In the f-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mk | = |
In the k-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mp | = |
In the p-direction of esys. |
Generated force variables on connected bodies:
| c_name.F1x | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the x-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F1y | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the y-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F1z | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the z-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1f | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the f-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1k | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the k-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1p | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the p-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F2x | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the x-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.F2y | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the y-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.F2z | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the z-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2f | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the f-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2k | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the k-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2p | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the p-direction of body #2's lsys. |
Usage:
| – |
Coupling k3 is a convenient coupling element for modeling coil springs
which is subjected to a vertical load.
A coil spring has several off-diagonal stiffnesses connecting the
lateral, longitudinal and bending behavior of the spring.
The user can define a k-coupling with a p_lin144-property if the user
has measured or by hand calculated all the off-diagonal components
in the stiffness matrix.
By using the k3-coupling the user only has to define three stiffnesses
longitudinal shear stiffness, lateral shear stiffness and vertical
compression.
The k3-coupling will from these stiffnesses calculate all the
off-diagonal components assuming that each section of the coil spring
is perpendicular to the normal bending line of the spring.
|
Reference Manuals
Calc menu
Input Data Menu
Coupl Menu
c_type = `k3_l`, `k3_l_preZ`
Defines a stiffness coupling between two masses similar to k3.
In addition to k3, coupl k3_l can rotate relative esys.
When the coupling rotates, its stiffness matrix and prestess force vector follows the rotation.
A variant of coupl k3_l is named coupl k3_l_preZ.
In coupl k3_l_preZ program CALC automatically calculates the
nominal vertical prestress force in the coupling,
in order to keep the connecting masses at zero vertical level.
|
|
coupl k3_l `c_name' `body1' +-`a1 +-`b1 +-`h1
`body2' +-`a2 +-`b2 +-`h2
`property_x' `property_y' `property_z'
`h `rf `esys' `dire`
`fi `chi `psi
| c_name | = |
Name of the coupling created. |
| body1 | = |
Name of body no. 1 to which the coupling connects.
Body 1 is the body which is supported by the coupling. |
| a1,b1,h1 | = |
The coordinate for the upper surface of the coupling,
which is the surface which connects to body1. |
| body2 | = |
Name of body no. 2 to which the coupling connects.
Body 2 supports the coupling and also the weight of body1. |
| a2,b2,h2 | = |
The coordinate for the upper surface of the coupling,
i.e. the same as a1,b,h1. |
| property_x | = |
Stiffness in the X-direction when the spring is subjected to only X-deformation.
The upper and lower surfaces of the spring must both be kept horizontal.
|
| property_y | = |
Stiffness in the Y-direction when the spring is subjected to only Y-deformation.
The upper and lower surfaces of the spring must both be kept horizontal.
|
| property_z | = |
Stiffness in the Z-direction when the spring is subjected to only Z-deformation. |
| h | = |
Height between the two connection surfaces of the spring. |
| rf | = |
Relative distance from the upper surface of the spring to the point of inflexion.
The absolute distance is calculated as rf*h. |
| esys | = |
The coordinate system in which the coupling force shall be calculated. |
| dire | = |
`m` is the only valid direction for this type of coupling. |
| fi,chi,psi | = |
The rotation angles from the coordinate system esys to the
rotated position of the k3_l-coupling. |
The output variables, which are generated in the output data field,
have the same name as the variables generated by coupling k3.
However the deformation of the coupling and the forces generated by the coupling
are oriented in the direction of the spring.
Usage:
| – |
Coupling k3_l can be used in the same way as coupling coupl k3.
In addition to coupling k3 this coupling can be oriented a small angle of
rotation relative to the coordinate axles of esys.
A secondary suspension consisting of coil springs standing on a bogie
will tilt due to the motions of the bogie.
In this case coupling k3_l is very useful, because it can be rotated
a small angle relative to esys.
The small rotation angles of the coil spring is equal to the rotation angles
of the bogie.
|
Reference Manuals
Calc menu
Input Data Menu
Coupl Menu
c_type = `k3_r`, `k3_r_preZ`
Defines a stiffness coupling between two masses similar to k3.
In addition to k3, coupl k3_r can rotate large angles relative esys.
When the coupling rotates, its stiffness matrix and prestess force vector follows the rotation.
A variant of coupl k3_r is named coupl k3_r_preZ.
In coupl k3_r_preZ program CALC automatically calculates the
nominal vertical prestress force in the coupling,
in order to keep the connecting masses at zero vertical level.
|
|
coupl k3_r `c_name' `body1' +-`a1 +-`b1 +-`h1
`body2' +-`a2 +-`b2 +-`h2
`property_x' `property_y' `property_z'
`h `rf `esys' `dire`
`fi `chi `psi
| c_name | = |
Name of the coupling created. |
| body1 | = |
Name of body no. 1 to which the coupling connects.
Body 1 is the body which is supported by the coupling. |
| a1,b1,h1 | = |
The coordinate for the upper surface of the coupling,
which is the surface which connects to body1. |
| body2 | = |
Name of body no. 2 to which the coupling connects.
Body 2 supports the coupling and also the weight of body1. |
| a2,b2,h2 | = |
The coordinate for the upper surface of the coupling,
i.e. the same as a1,b,h1. |
| property_x | = |
Stiffness in the X-direction when the spring is subjected to only X-deformation.
The upper and lower surfaces of the spring must both be kept horizontal.
|
| property_y | = |
Stiffness in the Y-direction when the spring is subjected to only Y-deformation.
The upper and lower surfaces of the spring must both be kept horizontal.
|
| property_z | = |
Stiffness in the Z-direction when the spring is subjected to only Z-deformation. |
| h | = |
Height between the two connection surfaces of the spring. |
| rf | = |
Relative distance from the upper surface of the spring to the point of inflexion.
The absolute distance is calculated as rf*h. |
| esys | = |
The coordinate system in which the coupling force shall be calculated. |
| dire | = |
`m` is the only valid direction for this type of coupling. |
| fi,chi,psi | = |
The rotation angles from the coordinate system esys to the
rotated position of the k3_l-coupling. As large angles do not commute
the user must know how the rotation is made in the program.
The procedure for angle rotations is as follows:
- First the coupling's coordinate system
rotates the angle psi (positive rotation
around the z-axis), from the esys system to
a primed system.
- Thereafter the coupling's coordinate system
turns the angle chi (positive rotation around
the y-axis) around the primed system as acquired under item 1) above.
- Finally, the coupling's coordinate system
rotates the angle fi (positive rotation around
the x-axis) around the system, which was acquired
under item 2) above, to the final position.
|
The output variables, which are generated in the output data field,
have the same name as the variables generated by coupling k3.
However the deformation of the coupling and the forces generated by the coupling
are oriented in the direction of the spring.
Usage:
| – |
Coupling k3_r can be used in the same way as coupling coupl k3.
In addition to coupling k3 this coupling can be oriented a large angle of
rotation relative to the coordinate axles of esys.
The coupling is especially useful if the coil spring is measured in a
vertical position, but mounted in the vehicle in a large angle relative
to esys of the vehicle.
By using the k3-coupling the user has the possibility to orient the
coil spring in any direction he/she wants to.
|
Reference Manuals
Calc menu
Input Data Menu
Coupl Menu
c_type = `km`, `km_preZ`
Defines a stiffness coupling between two masses.
Coupling `km` is similar to coupl 'k',
but the user can control if the coupling shall generate moments on attached masses or not
A variant of coupl km is named coupl km_preZ.
In coupl km_preZ program CALC automatically calculates the
nominal vertical prestress force in the coupling,
in order to keep the connecting masses at zero vertical level.
Springs which are connected in direction `c` or `cu` may not have the length 0(zero),
as the value zero does not have any direction.
coupl km `c_name' `body1' +-`a1 +-`b1 +-`h1
`body2' +-`a2 +-`b2 +-`h2
`property' `esys' `dire` conn1 conn2
| c_name | = |
Name of the coupling created. |
| body1 | = |
Name of body no. 1, which the coupling is connected to. |
| a1,b1,h1 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 1,
expressed in body 1's local coordinate system lsys. |
| body2 | = |
Name of body no. 2 to which the coupling connects. |
| a2,b2,h2 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 2,
expressed in body 2's local coordinate system lsys. |
| property | = |
Pre-defined coupling property. |
| esys | = |
The coordinate system in which the coupling force
will be calculated. |
| dire | = |
`x`,`cx`, y`,`cy`,`z`,`cz`, `f`,`k`,`p`, `c`,`cu`, `m`
The coupling's direction of action in esys.
In addition to the Cartesian coordinates,
are the directions `c`, `cu`, `cx`, `cz`, and `m`.
Direction `c` refers to the direction specified by
the coupling's attachment points, i.e the force
runs in the direction of the element.
The transformation matrix is calculated in the input
reading phase of the program.
The same transformation matrix is then used
during the entire calculation.
Direction `cu` has a similar function as `c`,
the difference being that the transformation
matrix is updated continuously as the bodies move.
The directions of activity `cx`, `cy`, or `cz` refer
to the same directions as `x`, `y`, or `z` but
the coupling's nominal length is eliminated on
calculation of the coupling's deformation and force.
The direction `m` refers to the matrix direction,
all 6 coordinate directions of the attachment
points are calculated. Direction `m` requires
p_lin36 or p_lin144 as coupling properties. |
| conn1 | = |
A three digit code for how moments from the coupling shall be transferred to mass #1.
The figure 0 in the three digit code, stands for zero moment in the attachment point.
The figure 1 in the three digit code, stands for full moment in the attachment point.
The first digit controls the moment in roll direction.
The Second digit controls the moment in pitch direction.
The third digit controls the moment in yaw direction.
Example:
The code '101' stands for moment in roll and yaw directions, but free in pitch.
|
| conn2 | = |
A three digit code for how moments from the coupling shall be transferred to mass #2.
The conn2 code works in the same way as the conn1 code does.
|
Variables generated in the main memory are the same as for coupl k.
Usage:
| – |
The km coupling can be used as coupl k.
With the possibility to remove moments in attachment points,
this coupling can be used for attaching springs directly to a wheelset
without modeling an axle box as a separate mass.
|
Reference Manuals
Calc menu
Input Data Menu
Coupl Menu
c_type = `km_l`
Defines a stiffness coupling between two masses.
The coupling is very similar to the km coupling,
but in the km_l coupling the user has the possibility to rotate the stiffness a small angle.
coupl km_l `c_name' `body1' +-`a1 +-`b1 +-`h1
`body2' +-`a2 +-`b2 +-`h2
`property' `esys' `dire`
`fi `chi `psi
conn1 conn2
| c_name | = |
Name of the coupling created. |
| body1 | = |
Name of body no. 1, which the coupling is connected to. |
| a1,b1,h1 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 1,
expressed in body 1's local coordinate system lsys. |
| body2 | = |
Name of body no. 2 to which the coupling connects. |
| a2,b2,h2 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 2,
expressed in body 2's local coordinate system lsys. |
| property | = |
Pre-defined stiffness property. |
| esys | = |
The coordinate system in which the coupling force
will be calculated. |
| dire | = |
`x`, `y`, `z`, `f`, `k`, `p`, `m`
Direction in esys, which the coupling acts in. |
| fi,chi,psi | = |
The rotation angles from the coordinate system esys to the
rotated position of the km_l-coupling. |
| conn1 | = |
A three digit code for how moments from the coupling shall be transferred to mass #1.
The figure 0 in the three digit code, stands for zero moment in the attachment point.
The figure 1 in the three digit code, stands for full moment in the attachment point.
The first digit controls the moment in roll direction.
The Second digit controls the moment in pitch direction.
The third digit controls the moment in yaw direction.
Example:
The code '101' stands for moment in roll and yaw directions, but free in pitch.
|
| conn2 | = |
A three digit code for how moments from the coupling shall be transferred to mass #2.
The conn2 code works in the same way as the conn1 code does.
|
Variables generated in the main memory are the same as for coupling km.
Usage:
| – |
Coupling km_l can be used in the same way as coupl km.
In addition to coupling km this coupling can be oriented a small angle of
rotation relative to the coordinate axles of esys. |
Reference Manuals
Calc menu
Input Data Menu
Coupl Menu
c_type = `km_r`
Defines a stiffness coupling between two masses.
The coupling is very similar to the km coupling,
but in the km_r coupling the user has the possibility to rotate the stiffness a large angle.
coupl km_r `c_name' `body1' +-`a1 +-`b1 +-`h1
`body2' +-`a2 +-`b2 +-`h2
`property' `esys' `dire`
`fi `chi `psi
conn1 conn2
| c_name | = |
Name of the coupling created. |
| body1 | = |
Name of body no. 1, which the coupling is connected to. |
| a1,b1,h1 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 1,
expressed in body 1's local coordinate system lsys. |
| body2 | = |
Name of body no. 2 to which the coupling connects. |
| a2,b2,h2 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 2,
expressed in body 2's local coordinate system lsys. |
| property | = |
Pre-defined stiffness property. |
| esys | = |
The coordinate system in which the coupling force
will be calculated. |
| dire | = |
`x`, `y`, `z`, `f`, `k`, `p`, `m`
Direction in esys, which the coupling acts in. |
| fi,chi,psi | = |
The rotation angles from the coordinate system esys to the
rotated position of the km_r-coupling. |
| conn1 | = |
A three digit code for how moments from the coupling shall be transferred to mass #1.
The figure 0 in the three digit code, stands for zero moment in the attachment point.
The figure 1 in the three digit code, stands for full moment in the attachment point.
The first digit controls the moment in roll direction.
The Second digit controls the moment in pitch direction.
The third digit controls the moment in yaw direction.
Example:
The code '101' stands for moment in roll and yaw directions, but free in pitch.
|
| conn2 | = |
A three digit code for how moments from the coupling shall be transferred to mass #2.
The conn2 code works in the same way as the conn1 code does.
|
Variables generated in the main memory are the same as for coupling km.
Usage:
| – |
Coupling km_r can be used in the same way as coupl km.
In addition to coupling km this coupling can be oriented a large angle of
rotation relative to the coordinate axles of esys. |
Reference Manuals
Calc menu
Input Data Menu
Coupl Menu
f_type = `k_air3` and `k_air3_exp`
Defines a three-dimensional coupling between two masses.
The coupling is especially designed for creating models of airbags in
railway vehicles.
Horizontally the coupling comprises three parallel coupled parts:
| 1) |
Elastic part: |
Non-linear spring defined in the properties prop_kex and prop_key |
| 2) |
Friction part: |
Smooth Coulomb friction, parameters ffxmax and x2 |
| 3) |
Viscous part: |
Linear viscous damper cx, with series flexibility kvx |
Principal behavior of the airbag in horizontal direction:
Vertically the coupling has similar properties,
but the viscous damper can be
modeled as a non-linear damper according to the following formula:
In parallel with the non-linear viscous damper, a mass can be attached.
The mass contains the effective mass of the air in the pipe between airbag
and reservoir volume.
Principal behavior of the airbag in vertical direction:
The theories of the k_air3-coupling was developed by
Mats Berg, Department of Vehicle Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
A detailed description of the coupling can be found in the report
An airspring model for dynamic analysis of rail vehicles,
TRITA-FKT Report 1999:32, ISSN 1103-470X, ISRN KTH/FKT/FR-99/32-SE. or
A three-dimensional air-spring model with friction and orifice damping,
Proc. 16th IAVSD Symposium on Dynamics of Vehicles on Road and Tracks,
Vehicle System Dynamics, Vol. 33, pp. 528-539, ISSN 0042-3114,
Swets & Zeitlinger 1999.
Coupling k_air3_exp is very similar to k_air3,
the only difference is the treatment of the horizontal friction force.
In coupling k_air3_exp the horizontal friction force is proportional to the integrated
horizontal motion of the spring,
but the behavior is the same as in coupling k_air3.
The horizontal friction force will reach ffxmax/2 after a horizontal motion of x2.
The advantage of coupling k_air3_exp compared to k_air3 is that k_air3_exp is more
numerical stable but not significantly slower.
coupl k_air3_exp `c_name' `body1' +-`a1 +-`b1 +-`h1
`body2' +-`a2 +-`b2 +-`h2
`esys' `dire`
prop_kex +-`kexki
prop_key +-`keyfi
prop_kez
+-`ffxmax +-`x2 +-`ffzmax +-`z2
+-`kvx +-`cx
+-`kvz +-`czb +-`beta +-`m
| c_name | = |
Name of the coupling created. |
| body1 | = |
Name of body no. 1, which the coupling is connected to. |
| a1,b1,h1 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 1,
expressed in body 1's local coordinate system lsys. |
| body2 | = |
Name of body no. 2 to which the coupling connects. |
| a2,b2,h2 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 2, expressed in body 2's local coordinate system lsys.
Apart from coupling k3 the coordinates a2,b2,h2 shall be the lower end of the airbag,
and the distance between h1 and h2 is the height of the spring.
|
| esys | = |
The coordinate system in which the coupling displacements will be calculated. |
| dire | = |
`m` is the only direction valid for this coupling. |
| prop_kex | = |
Stiffness in the X-direction, when the airbag is subjected to only X-deformation.
The upper and lower surfaces of the airbag must both be kept horizontal.
|
| kexki | = |
Elastic stiffness which gives arise to a pitching moment of the car-body
due to a longitudinal displacement between car-body and bogie.
The stiffness kexki can be found by measuring the pitching moment between
car-body and airbag when the airbag is subjected to a pure longitudinal
deformation. |
| prop_key | = |
Stiffness in the Y-direction when the spring is subjected to only Y-deformation.
The upper and lower surfaces of the airbag must both be kept horizontal.
|
| keyfi | = |
Elastic stiffness which gives arise to a rolling moment of the car-body
due to a lateral displacement between car-body and bogie.
The stiffness keyfi can be found by measuring the rolling moment between
car-body and airbag when the airbag is subjected to a pure lateral
deformation. |
| prop_kez | = |
Stiffness in the Z-direction when the spring is subjected to only Z-deformation.
In property prop_kez the nominal vertical force is defined as a pre-stress force. |
| ffxmax | = |
Maximum friction force in the horizontal plane.
The friction force is smooth and ffxmax is the asymptotic friction force
when the horizontal displacement is large. |
| x2 | = |
The horizontal displacement defining where the friction force ffxmax/2.
is obtained. |
| ffzmax | = |
Maximum friction force in the vertical plane.
The friction force is smooth and ffzmax is the asymptotic friction force
when the vertical displacement is large. |
| z2 | = |
The vertical displacement defining where the friction force ffzmax/2.
is obtained. |
| kvx | = |
Series flexibility in the longitudinal and lateral viscous dampers. |
| cx | = |
Damping coefficient for the viscous dampers coupled between car-body and
bogie in longitudinal and lateral direction |
| kvz | = |
Series flexibility in the vertical viscous damper. |
| czb | = |
Damping coefficient for the viscous damper coupled between carbody and
bogie in vertical direction |
| beta | = |
Exponent to the non-linear viscous damping in vertical direction, see formula above. |
| m | = |
Effective mass coupled in parallel with the vertical viscous damper |
Variables generated in the main memory:
Input variables:
| c_name.l | = |
Length of the coupling. The length is
calculated in the same direction as the
coupling's direction of action. |
| c_name.m1 | = |
Mass number of body 1. |
| c_name.a1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in x-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.b1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in y-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.h1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in z-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.m2 | = |
Mass number of body 2. |
| c_name.a2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in x-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.b2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in y-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.h2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in z-direction on body 2. |
Output variables:
Deformation of the coupling:
| c_name.dx | = |
In the x-direction of esys. |
| c_name.dy | = |
In the y-direction of esys. |
| c_name.dz | = |
In the z-direction of esys. |
| c_name.df | = |
In the f-direction of esys. |
| c_name.dk | = |
In the k-direction of esys. |
| c_name.dp | = |
In the p-direction of esys. |
Force variables generated by the coupling:
| c_name.Fx | = |
In the x-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Fy | = |
In the y-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Fz | = |
In the z-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mf | = |
In the f-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mk | = |
In the k-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mp | = |
In the p-direction of esys. |
Generated force variables on connected bodies:
| c_name.F1x | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the x-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F1y | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the y-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F1z | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the z-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1f | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the f-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1k | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the k-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1p | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the p-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F2x | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the x-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.F2y | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the y-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.F2z | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the z-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2f | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the f-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2k | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the k-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2p | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the p-direction of body #2's lsys. |
Usage:
| – |
Generation of a detailed model of an airspring element.
|
Reference Manuals
Calc menu
Input Data Menu
Coupl Menu
f_type = `k_air3_mawa`
A coupling for modeling airbags in railway vehicles,
using equations for viscous flow in pipes.
The coupling is especially designed for creating models of airbags,
equipped with a pipe to an auxiliary air reservoir.
This airbag only considers the vertical stiffness of the airbag.
In order to take horizontal stiffness into effect,
please couple this coupling in parallel with coupl k_air3.
In coupling coupl k_air3, please set prop_kez, ffzmax and kvz all equal to 0 (zero).
The theories of the k_air3_mawa-coupling has been developed by Mattias Wallin.
The model consists of three major parts: the airbag, the auxiliary volume
and the pipe connecting the airbag to the auxiliary volume.
The mass of the air in the pipe is modeled with a second order differential equation.
Ref.: "s. E. Haaland, "Simple and Explicit Formulas for the
Friction Factor in Turbulent Pipe Flow" Fluids Eng.., March 1983, pp. 89-90.
When the air flows in the pipe
the following losses are taking into account:
- pressure loss due to air flow in the pipe
- pressure loss in a potential orifice
- pressure loss in elbows
- pressure losses in inlet and outlet
Apart from from the input data given in the arguments to the k_air3_mawa-coupling,
the following data has been coded as fixed constants in the FORTRAN code:
| p_atm | = |
101300 |
[Pa] |
Atmospheric air pressure |
| mu273 | = |
1.71e-5 |
[Ns/m2] |
Absolute viscosity for air at 273 [K] |
| m_corr | = |
1.058 |
[1] |
Kinematic mass correction factor,due to the velocity variation
from the mean velocity over the cross section for turbulent flow. |
The vertical force in k_air3_mawa is calculated by multiplying the current
air pressure with the effective area of the airbag.
Minus the force generated by the rubber bellow itself,
which is in parallel with the air..
In series with the airbag an emergency spring is attached.
The two springs are connected to each other via a massless node in the
connection point.
coupl k_air3_mawa `c_name' `body1' +-`a1 +-`b1 +-`h1
`body2' +-`a2 +-`b2 +-`h2
`esys' `dire`
+-`kbag +-`Fnom
+-`Adiabatic_Index
+-`R +-`T
+-`Abag +-`Vbag
+-`Vaux1
+-`Lpipe1 +-`dpipe1 +-`rpipe1
+-`dorif1 +-`Kloss1
+-`kemer +-`cemer
| c_name | = |
Name of the coupling created. |
| body1 | = |
Name of body no. 1, which the coupling is connected to. |
| a1,b1,h1 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 1,
expressed in body 1's local coordinate system lsys. |
| body2 | = |
Name of body no. 2 to which the coupling connects. |
| a2,b2,h2 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 2, expressed in body 2's local coordinate system lsys.
Apart from coupling k3 the coordinates a2,b2,h2 shall be the lower end of the airbag,
and the distance between h1 and h2 is the height of the spring.
|
| esys | = |
The coordinate system in which the coupling displacements will be calculated. |
| dire | = |
`z` is the only direction valid for this coupling. |
| kbag | = |
The vertical stiffness of the bellow in parallel with the compressed air
|
| Fnom | = |
Nominal vertical force on the airbag [N].
In the simple case it is equal to the weight of the car-body times earth gravity divided by four.
|
| Adiabatic_Index | = |
If the process is considered to be isothermal, Adiabatic_Index shall be set equal to= 1.
If the process is considered to be fully adiabatic, Adiabatic_Index shall be set equal to= 1.4.
|
| R | = |
Specific gas constant for dry air= 287 [ J/kg/K ]
|
| T | = |
Current working temperature of the airbag.
The temperature has a great influence on the density of the air,
which affects the total mass of the air.
The temperature shall be given in the SI-unit [K].
|
| Abag | = |
Airbag effective area [m2].
|
| Vbag | = |
Volume of airbag [m3]
|
| Vaux1 | = |
Volume of auxiliary air reservoir [m3]
|
| Lpipe1 | = |
Length of air pipe [m]
|
| dpipe1 | = |
diameter of air pipe [m]
|
| rpipe1 | = |
Surface roughness inside of the air pipe [m].
(For steel tubes the recommended value is 46e-6)
|
| dorif1 | = |
Diameter of orifice [m].
If no orifice is used set dorif1 equal to dpipe1.
|
| Kloss1 | = |
Sum of losses from inlet, outlet, elbows.
See information below, how to calculate Kloss1.
|
| kemer | = |
The vertical stiffness in the emergency spring in series with the airbag
|
| cemer | = |
Viscous damping in the emergency spring
|
Calculation of input data parameter Kloss:
Input data parameter Kloss is calculated according to:
Where:
| Kin |
= |
0.5 = Inlet loss for sharp-edged inlet |
| Kout |
= |
1.0 = Outlet loss for sharp-edged outlet |
| Kelbow |
= |
Loss from all elbows according to table below |
Where each 90-degree elbow contributes to the sum according to:
| rpipe/dpipe |
Kelbow |
| 1 |
0.38 |
| 2 |
0.24 |
| 3 |
0.20 |
| 4 |
0.18 |
| 5 |
0.16 |
| 6 |
0.14 |
| 7 |
0.13 |
| 8 |
0.13 |
| 10 |
0.15 |
Where:
| rpipe |
= |
The radius of the elbow |
| dpipe |
= |
The diameter of the pipe |
Variables generated in the main memory:
Input variables:
| c_name.m1 | = |
Mass number of body 1. |
| c_name.a1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in x-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.b1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in y-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.h1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in z-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.m2 | = |
Mass number of body 2. |
| c_name.a2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in x-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.b2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in y-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.h2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in z-direction on body 2. |
Output variables:
Deformation of the coupling:
| c_name.dx | = |
In the x-direction of esys. |
| c_name.dy | = |
In the y-direction of esys. |
| c_name.dz | = |
In the z-direction of esys. |
| c_name.df | = |
In the f-direction of esys. |
| c_name.dk | = |
In the k-direction of esys. |
| c_name.dp | = |
In the p-direction of esys. |
Force variables generated by the coupling:
| c_name.Fx | = |
In the x-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Fy | = |
In the y-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Fz | = |
In the z-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mf | = |
In the f-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mk | = |
In the k-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mp | = |
In the p-direction of esys. |
Generated force variables on connected bodies:
| c_name.F1x | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the x-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F1y | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the y-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F1z | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the z-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1f | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the f-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1k | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the k-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1p | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the p-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F2x | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the x-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.F2y | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the y-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.F2z | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the z-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2f | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the f-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2k | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the k-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2p | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the p-direction of body #2's lsys. |
Usage:
| – |
Generation of a detailed model of an airspring element with an auxiliary volume. |
| – |
The model is especially useful in the design-stage where no measurements on the airbag are available.
After measurements on the airbag has been done, the user can use the k_air3- or
k_air3_exp-coupling. |
Reference Manuals
Calc menu
Input Data Menu
Coupl Menu
f_type = `k_air3_mawa2`
A coupling for modeling airbags in railway vehicles, using equations for viscous flow in pipes.
The coupling is very similar to coupl k_air3_mawa but it has two
auxiliary air reservoirs.
coupl k_air3_mawa2 `c_name' `body1' +-`a1 +-`b1 +-`h1
`body2' +-`a2 +-`b2 +-`h2
`esys' `dire`
+-`kbag +-`Fnom
+-`Adiabatic_Index
+-`R +-`T
+-`Abag +-`Vbag
+-`Vaux1
+-`Lpipe1 +-`dpipe1 +-`rpipe1
+-`dorif1 +-`Kloss1
+-`Vaux2
+-`Lpipe2 +-`dpipe2 +-`rpipe2
+-`dorif2 +-`Kloss2
+-`kemer +-`cemer
| c_name | = |
Name of the coupling created. |
| body1 | = |
Name of body no. 1, which the coupling is connected to. |
| a1,b1,h1 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 1,
expressed in body 1's local coordinate system lsys. |
| body2 | = |
Name of body no. 2 to which the coupling connects. |
| a2,b2,h2 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 2, expressed in body 2's local coordinate system lsys.
Apart from coupling k3 the coordinates a2,b2,h2 shall be the lower end of the airbag,
and the distance between h1 and h2 is the height of the spring.
|
| esys | = |
The coordinate system in which the coupling displacements will be calculated. |
| dire | = |
`z` is the only direction valid for this coupling. |
| kbag | = |
The vertical stiffness of the bellow in parallel with the compressed air
|
| Fnom | = |
Nominal vertical force on the airbag [N].
In the simple case it is equal to the weight of the car-body times earth gravity divided by four.
|
| Adiabatic_Index | = |
If the process is considered to be isothermal, Adiabatic_Index shall be set equal to= 1.
If the process is considered to be fully adiabatic, Adiabatic_Index shall be set equal to= 1.4.
|
| R | = |
Specific gas constant for dry air= 287 [ J/kg/K ]
|
| T | = |
Current working temperature of the airbag.
The temperature has a great influence on the density of the air,
which affects the total mass of the air.
The temperature shall be given in the SI-unit [K].
|
| Abag | = |
Airbag effective area [m2].
|
| Vbag | = |
Volume of airbag [m3]
|
| Vaux1 | = |
Volume of auxiliary air reservoir #1 [m3]
|
| Lpipe1 | = |
Length of air pipe #1 [m]
|
| dpipe1 | = |
diameter of air pipe #1 [m]
|
| rpipe1 | = |
Surface roughness inside of the air pipe #1 [m].
(For steel tubes the recommended value is 46e-6)
|
| dorif1 | = |
Diameter of orifice #1 [m].
If no orifice is used set dorif1 equal to dpipe1.
|
| Kloss1 | = |
Sum of losses from inlet, outlet, elbows, etc in air pipe #1.
How to calculate Kloss1, see documenation under coupl k_air3_mawa
|
| Vaux2 | = |
Volume of auxiliary air reservoir #2 [m3]
|
| Lpipe2 | = |
Length of air pipe #2 [m]
|
| dpipe2 | = |
diameter of air pipe #2 [m]
|
| rpipe2 | = |
Surface roughness inside of the air pipe #2 [m].
(For steel tubes the recommended value is 46e-6)
|
| dorif2 | = |
Diameter of orifice #2 [m].
If no orifice is used set dorif2 equal to dpipe2.
|
| Kloss2 | = |
Sum of losses from inlet, outlet, elbows, etc in air pipe #2.
How to calculate Kloss2, see documenation under coupl k_air3_mawa
|
| kemer | = |
The vertical stiffness in the emergency spring in series with the airbag
|
| cemer | = |
Viscous damping in the emergency spring
|
Reference Manuals
Calc menu
Input Data Menu
Coupl Menu
c_type = `k_lin`
Defines a spring with a linear property between two masses.
The working direction of the spring is given in dire1 and dire2,
which are expressed in the common esys which the two connecting bodies have.
If the connecting bodies are not defined in the same esys,
an error will occur and the coupling cannot be created.
A spring with working direction `c` or `cu`, may not have the length 0 (zero),
as the value zero does not have a direction.
coupl k_lin `c_name' `body1' `dire1` +-`a1 +-`b1 +-`h1
`body2' `dire2` +-`a2 +-`b2 +-`h2 stiff
| c_name | = |
Name of the coupling created. |
| body1 | = |
Name of body no. 1, which the coupling is connected to. |
| dire1 | = |
`x`, `y`, `z`, `c`, `cu`
Working direction for the coupling end connected to body1.
In addition to the Cartesian coordinates are the directions `c`
and `cu`.
Direction `c` refers to the direction specified by
the coupling's attachment points, i.e the force runs
in the direction of the element.
The transformation matrix is calculated when the coupling
is read in the input reading phase of the program.
The same transformation matrix is
then used during the entire calculation.
Direction `cu` has a similar function to `c`,
the difference being that the transformation matrix
is updated continuously as the bodies move. |
| a1,b1,h1 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 1,
expressed in body 1's local coordinate system lsys. |
| body2 | = |
Name of body no. 2 to which the coupling connects. |
| dire2 | = |
Direction of body no. 2 which the coupling
acts in. Direction of body 2 must comply
with body 1, otherwise an error will occur. |
| a2,b2,h2 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 2,
expressed in body 2's local coordinate system lsys. |
| stiff | = |
The stiffness of the coupling. |
Variables generated in the main memory:
Input variables:
| c_name.v | = |
Stiffness of the coupling. |
| c_name.l | = |
Length of the coupling. The length is
calculated in the same direction as the
coupling's direction of action. |
| c_name.m1 | = |
Mass number of body 1. |
| c_name.a1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in x-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.b1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in y-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.h1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in z-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.m2 | = |
Mass number of body 2. |
| c_name.a2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in x-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.b2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in y-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.h2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in z-direction on body 2. |
Output variables:
Deformation of the coupling:
| c_name.dx | = |
In the x-direction of esys. |
| c_name.dy | = |
In the y-direction of esys. |
| c_name.dz | = |
In the z-direction of esys. |
| c_name.df | = |
In the f-direction of esys. |
| c_name.dk | = |
In the k-direction of esys. |
| c_name.dp | = |
In the p-direction of esys. |
Force variables generated by the coupling:
| c_name.Fx | = |
In the x-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Fy | = |
In the y-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Fz | = |
In the z-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mf | = |
In the f-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mk | = |
In the k-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mp | = |
In the p-direction of esys. |
If the working direction is c or cu, also the following variables are available:
| c_name.d | = |
Deformation in the direction of the coupling. |
| c_name.F | = |
The generated force in the direction of the coupling. |
Generated force variables on connected bodies:
| c_name.F1x | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the x-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F1y | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the y-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F1z | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the z-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1f | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the f-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1k | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the k-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1p | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the p-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F2x | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the x-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.F2y | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the y-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.F2z | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the z-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2f | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the f-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2k | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the k-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2p | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the p-direction of body #2's lsys. |
Reference Manuals
Calc menu
Input Data Menu
Coupl Menu
c_type = `k_nlin`
Defines a spring with a non-linear property between two masses.
The working direction of the spring is given in dire1 and dire2,
which are expressed in the common esys which the two connecting bodies have.
If the connecting bodies are not related to the same esys,
an error will occur and the coupling cannot be created.
Damper with working direction `c` or `cu`, may not have the length 0 (zero),
as the value zero does not have a direction.
coupl k_nlin `c_name' `body1' `dire1` +-`a1 +-`b1 +-`h1
`body2' `dire2` +-`a2 +-`b2 +-`h2
nd d1,F1 d2,F2 ... d(nd),F(nd)
| c_name | = |
Name of the coupling created. |
| body1 | = |
Name of body no. 1 to which the coupling connects. |
| dire1 | = |
`x`, `y`, `z`, `c`, `cu`
Working direction for the coupling end connected to body1.
In addition to the Cartesian coordinates are the directions `c`
and `cu`.
Direction `c` refers to the direction specified by
the coupling's attachment points, i.e the force runs
in the direction of the element.
The transformation matrix is calculated
in the input reading phase of the program.
The same transformation matrix is
then used during the entire calculation.
Direction `cu` has a similar function to `c`,
the difference being that the transformation matrix
is updated continuously as the bodies move. |
| a1,b1,h1 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 1,
expressed in body 1's local coordinate system lsys. |
| body2 | = |
Name of body no. 2 to which the coupling connects. |
| dire2 | = |
Direction of body no. 2 which the coupling
acts in. Direction of body 2 must comply
with body 1, otherwise an error will occur. |
| a2,b2,h2 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 2,
expressed in body 2's local coordinate system lsys. |
| nd | = |
The number of points which describe the non-linearity
of the spring. |
| d1,F1 | = |
Deformation point no. 1, and corresponding
coupling force F1. |
| d2,F2 | = |
Point no. 2 etc. up to d(nd), F(nd) |
Variables generated in the main memory:
Input variables:
| c_name.nb | = |
Number of value pairs, describing the stiffness characteristic. |
| c_name.l | = |
Length of the coupling. The length is
calculated in the same direction as the
coupling's direction of action. |
| c_name.m1 | = |
Mass number of body 1. |
| c_name.a1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in x-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.b1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in y-direction on body 1.
|
| c_name.h1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in z-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.m2 | = |
Mass number of body 2. |
| c_name.a2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in x-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.b2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in y-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.h2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in z-direction on body 2. |
Output variables:
Deformation of the coupling:
| c_name.dx | = |
In the x-direction of esys. |
| c_name.dy | = |
In the y-direction of esys. |
| c_name.dz | = |
In the z-direction of esys. |
| c_name.df | = |
In the f-direction of esys. |
| c_name.dk | = |
In the k-direction of esys. |
| c_name.dp | = |
In the p-direction of esys. |
Force variables generated by the coupling:
| c_name.Fx | = |
In the x-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Fy | = |
In the y-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Fz | = |
In the z-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mf | = |
In the f-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mk | = |
In the k-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mp | = |
In the p-direction of esys. |
If the working direction is c or cu, also the following variables are available:
| c_name.d | = |
Deformation in the direction of the coupling. |
| c_name.F | = |
The generated force in the direction of the coupling. |
Generated force variables on connected bodies:
| c_name.F1x | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the x-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F1y | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the y-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F1z | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the z-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1f | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the f-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1k | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the k-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1p | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the p-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F2x | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the x-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.F2y | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the y-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.F2z | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the z-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2f | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the f-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2k | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the k-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2p | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the p-direction of body #2's lsys. |
Reference Manuals
Calc menu
Input Data Menu
Coupl Menu
c_type = `k_lin_nd`
Defines a linear non-diagonal stiffness component in a 6-dimensional stiffness matrix.
The components location is given by dire1 and dire2,
which is expressed in the common esys of the two connecting bodies.
If dire1 and dire2 are the same,
the stiffness will be a diagonal stiffness component which also can
be defined in 'coupl k_lin'.
coupl k_lin_nd `c_name' `body1' `dire1` `a1 `b1 `h1
`body2' `dire2` `a2 `b2 `h2 stiff
| c_name | = |
Name of the coupling created. |
| body1 | = |
Name of body no. 1, which the coupling is connected to. |
| dire1 | = |
`x`, `y`, `z`, `c`, `cu`
Working direction for the coupling end connected to body1.
In addition to the Cartesian coordinates are the directions `c`
and `cu`.
Direction `c` refers to the direction specified by
the coupling's attachment points, i.e the force runs
in the direction of the element.
The transformation matrix is calculated when the coupling
is read in the input reading phase of the program.
The same transformation matrix is
then used during the entire calculation.
Direction `cu` has a similar function to `c`,
the difference being that the transformation matrix
is updated continuously as the bodies move. |
| a1,b1,h1 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 1,
expressed in body 1's local coordinate system lsys. |
| body2 | = |
Direction of body no. 2 which the coupling
acts in. Direction of body 2 must comply
with body 1, otherwise an error will occur. |
| a2,b2,h2 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 2,
expressed in body 2's local coordinate system lsys. |
| stiff | = |
The stiffness of the coupling. |
Variables generated in the main memory:
Input variables:
| c_name.k | = |
The component's stiffness value. |
| c_name.l | = |
Length of the coupling. The length is
calculated in the same direction as the
coupling's direction of action. |
| c_name.a1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in x-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.b1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in y-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.h1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in z-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.a2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in x-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.b2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in y-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.h2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in z-direction on body 2. |
Output variables:
Deformation of the coupling:
| c_name.dx | = |
In the x-direction of esys. |
| c_name.dy | = |
In the y-direction of esys. |
| c_name.dz | = |
In the z-direction of esys. |
| c_name.df | = |
In the f-direction of esys. |
| c_name.dk | = |
In the k-direction of esys. |
| c_name.dp | = |
In the p-direction of esys. |
Force variables generated by the coupling:
| c_name.Fx | = |
In the x-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Fy | = |
In the y-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Fz | = |
In the z-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mf | = |
In the f-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mk | = |
In the k-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mp | = |
In the p-direction of esys. |
Generated force variables on connected bodies:
| c_name.F1x | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the x-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F1y | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the y-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F1z | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the z-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1f | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the f-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1k | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the k-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1p | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the p-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F2x | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the x-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.F2y | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the y-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.F2z | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the z-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2f | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the f-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2k | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the k-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2p | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the p-direction of body #2's lsys. |
Reference Manuals
Calc menu
Input Data Menu
Coupl Menu
c_type = `kc`
Defines a coupling between two masses, the coupling comprises a
damper with series flexibility.
The components in the coupling are connected to each other according
to the following figure:
The properties of the spring and damper are read from pre-defined properties.
Couplings acting in direction `c` or `cu` may not have the length 0(zero),
because the value zero does not have any direction.
coupl kc `c_name' `body1' +-`a1 +-`b1 +-`h1
`body2' +-`a2 +-`b2 +-`h2
`prop_k' `prop_c' `esys' `dire`
| c_name | = |
Name of the coupling created. |
| body1 | = |
Name of body no. 1, which the coupling is connected to. |
| a1,b1,h1 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 1,
expressed in body 1's local coordinate system lsys. |
| body2 | = |
Name of body no. 2 to which the coupling connects. |
| a2,b2,h2 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 2,
expressed in body 2's local coordinate system lsys. |
| prop_k | = |
Pre-defined stiffness property. |
| prop_c | = |
Pre-defined damping property.
NB! prop_c must be of type p_lin, p_nlin or p_nlin_s,
otherwise an error will occur and the program stops. |
| esys | = |
The coordinate system in which the coupling force
will be calculated. |
| dire | = |
`x`, `y`, `z`, `f`, `k`, `p`, `c`, `cu`
Direction in esys, which the coupling acts in.
In addition to the Cartesian coordinates,
there are the directions `c` and `cu`.
Direction `c` refers to the direction specified by
the coupling's attachment points, i.e the force runs
in the direction of the element.
The transformation matrix is calculated when the coupling
is read in the input reading phase of the program.
The same transformation matrix is then used
during the entire calculation.
Direction `cu` has a similar function as `c`,
the difference being that the transformation matrix
is updated continuously as the bodies move. |
Variables generated in the main memory:
Input variables:
| c_name.l | = |
Length of the coupling. The length is
calculated in the same direction as the
coupling's direction of action. |
| c_name.m1 | = |
Mass number of body 1. |
| c_name.a1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in x-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.b1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in y-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.h1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in z-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.m2 | = |
Mass number of body 2. |
| c_name.a2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in x-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.b2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in y-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.h2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in z-direction on body 2. |
Output variables:
| c_name.p | = |
The position of the internal degree of freedom in the coupling. |
| c_name.vp | = |
The speed of the internal degree of freedom in the coupling. |
| c_name.d | = |
Total velocity over the coupling, in the direction of the coupling. |
| c_name.F | = |
The generated force in the coupling. |
| c_name.dx | = |
Velocity over the coupling in the x-direction. |
| c_name.dy | = |
Velocity over the coupling in the y-direction. |
| c_name.dz | = |
Velocity over the coupling in the z-direction. |
| c_name.df | = |
Velocity over the coupling in the f-direction. |
| c_name.dk | = |
Velocity over the coupling in the k-direction. |
| c_name.dp | = |
Velocity over the coupling in the p-direction. |
Force variables generated by the coupling:
| c_name.Fx | = |
Force in the x-direction. |
| c_name.Fy | = |
Force in the y-direction. |
| c_name.Fz | = |
Force in the z-direction. |
| c_name.Mf | = |
Force in the f-direction. |
| c_name.Mk | = |
Force in the k-direction. |
| c_name.Mp | = |
Force in the p-direction. |
Generated force variables on connected bodies:
| c_name.F1x | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the x-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F1y | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the y-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F1z | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the z-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1f | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the f-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1k | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the k-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1p | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the p-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F2x | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the x-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.F2y | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the y-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.F2z | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the z-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2f | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the f-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2k | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the k-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2p | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the p-direction of body #2's lsys. |
Usage:
| – |
Hydraulic dampers where the series flexibility of the damper must be considered.
This is especially important when modeling yaw-dampers in railway vehicles. |
| – |
Generation of simple rubber models where the kc-coupling is coupled in
parallel with a k-coupling.
These two couplings together will create a coupling with different static
and dynamic stiffness, for more information please look in the documentation
of program kc_prop. |
The transfer function for the kc-coupling can be written as:
Where:
| F= |
The force produced by the kc-coupling.
|
| c= |
The damping coefficient of the damper.
|
| k= |
The stiffness in the series spring.
|
| w= |
Excitation frequency in [rad/s].
|
| x= |
The deformation of the kc-coupling.
|
In the equation above it can be seen that for low frequencies the kc-coupling is acting as a
damper, but for higher frequencies the kc-coupling is acting as a spring.
The cut-off angular frequency for the kc-coupling is defined as:
Reference Manuals
Calc menu
Input Data Menu
Coupl Menu
f_type = `kckc`
Defines a coupling between two masses, the coupling comprises two
dampers and two springs.
The components in the coupling are connected to each other according
to the following figure:
The properties of the springs and dampers are read from pre-defined properties.
Couplings acting in direction `c` or `cu` may not have the length 0(zero),
because the value zero does not have any direction.
coupl kckc `c_name' `body1' +-`a1 +-`b1 +-`h1
`body2' +-`a2 +-`b2 +-`h2
`prop_k1' `prop_c1' `prop_k2' `prop_c2'
`esys' `dire`
| c_name | = |
Name of the coupling created. |
| body1 | = |
Name of body no. 1, which the coupling is connected to. |
| a1,b1,h1 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 1,
expressed in body 1's local coordinate system lsys. |
| body2 | = |
Name of body no. 2 to which the coupling connects. |
| a2,b2,h2 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 2,
expressed in body 2's local coordinate system lsys. |
| prop_k1 | = |
Pre-defined stiffness property for stiffness number 1. |
| prop_c1 | = |
Pre-defined damping property for damper number 1.
NB! prop_c1 must be of type p_lin,
otherwise an error will occur and the program stops. |
| prop_k2 | = |
Pre-defined stiffness property for stiffness number 2. |
| prop_c2 | = |
Pre-defined damping property for damper number 2.
NB! prop_c2 must be of type p_lin,
otherwise an error will occur and the program stops. |
| esys | = |
The coordinate system in which the coupling force
will be calculated. |
| dire | = |
`x`, `y`, `z`, `f`, `k`, `p`, `c`, `cu`
Direction in esys, which the coupling acts in.
In addition to the Cartesian coordinates,
there are the directions `c` and `cu`.
Direction `c` refers to the direction specified by
the coupling's attachment points, i.e the force runs
in the direction of the element.
The transformation matrix is calculated when the coupling
is read in the input reading phase of the program.
The same transformation matrix is then used
during the entire calculation.
Direction `cu` has a similar function as `c`,
the difference being that the transformation matrix
is updated continuously as the bodies move. |
Variables generated in the main memory:
Input variables:
| c_name.l | = |
Length of the coupling. The length is
calculated in the same direction as the
coupling's direction of action. |
| c_name.m1 | = |
Mass number of body 1. |
| c_name.a1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in x-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.b1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in y-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.h1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in z-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.m2 | = |
Mass number of body 2. |
| c_name.a2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in x-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.b2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in y-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.h2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in z-direction on body 2. |
Output variables:
| c_name.p | = |
The position of the internal degree of freedom in the coupling. |
| c_name.vp | = |
The speed of the internal degree of freedom in the coupling. |
| c_name.d | = |
Total velocity over the coupling, in the direction of the coupling. |
| c_name.F | = |
The generated force in the coupling. |
| c_name.dx | = |
Velocity over the coupling in the x-direction. |
| c_name.dy | = |
Velocity over the coupling in the y-direction. |
| c_name.dz | = |
Velocity over the coupling in the z-direction. |
| c_name.df | = |
Velocity over the coupling in the f-direction. |
| c_name.dk | = |
Velocity over the coupling in the k-direction. |
| c_name.dp | = |
Velocity over the coupling in the p-direction. |
Force variables generated by the coupling:
| c_name.Fx | = |
In the x-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Fy | = |
In the y-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Fz | = |
In the z-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mf | = |
In the f-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mk | = |
In the k-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mp | = |
In the p-direction of esys. |
Generated force variables on connected bodies:
| c_name.F1x | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the x-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F1y | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the y-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F1z | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the z-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1f | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the f-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1k | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the k-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1p | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the p-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F2x | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the x-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.F2y | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the y-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.F2z | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the z-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2f | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the f-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2k | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the k-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2p | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the p-direction of body #2's lsys. |
Usage:
| – |
This is a convenient coupling to create a model of a passenger sitting
on a flexible seat. |
| – |
Generation of simple rubber models where the kckc-coupling is coupled in
parallel with a k-coupling.
The user can with these two couplings generate a model of a rubber element
with different static and dynamic stiffness, and the frequency fg
at which the shift of the stiffness shall occur.
In addition to using the kc-element the user has here the possibility
to also define the damping of the coupling at fg.
For more information please look in the documentation of program
kc_prop. |
Reference Manuals
Calc menu
Input Data Menu
Coupl Menu
c_type = `kf`
Defines a coupling between two masses, the coupling comprises a
stiffness in series with a friction block.
The property of the spring is read from a pre-defined property.
The friction force is read as a variable or a data constant.
Couplings acting in direction `c` may not have the length 0(zero),
because the value zero does not have any direction.
coupl kf `c_name' `body1' +-`a1 +-`b1 +-`h1
`body2' +-`a2 +-`b2 +-`h2
`prop_k' +-`Ffr0 `esys' `dire`
| c_name | = |
Name of the coupling created. |
| body1 | = |
Name of body no. 1, which the coupling is connected to. |
| a1,b1,h1 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 1,
expressed in body 1's local coordinate system lsys. |
| body2 | = |
Name of body no. 2 to which the coupling connects. |
| a2,b2,h2 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 2,
expressed in body 2's local coordinate system lsys. |
| prop_k | = |
Pre-defined stiffness property.
The properties which are compatible with the coupling kf
are p_lin and p_nlin. |
| Ffr0 | = |
The friction force, if the force in the serial spring exceeds Ffr0
a sliding motion in the friction elements starts. |
| esys | = |
The coordinate system in which the coupling force
will be calculated. |
| dire | = |
`x`, `y`, `z`, `f`, `k`, `p`, `c`
Direction in esys, which the coupling acts in.
In addition to the Cartesian coordinates, is the direction `c`.
Direction `c` refers to the direction specified by the coupling's
attachment points, i.e the force runs in the direction of the element.
The transformation matrix is calculated when the coupling
is read in the input reading phase of the program.
The same transformation matrix is then used during
the entire calculation. |
Variables generated in the main memory:
Input variables:
| c_name.l | = |
Length of the coupling. The length is
calculated in the same direction as the
coupling's direction of action. |
| c_name.m1 | = |
Mass number of body 1. |
| c_name.a1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in x-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.b1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in y-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.h1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in z-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.m2 | = |
Mass number of body 2. |
| c_name.a2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in x-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.b2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in y-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.h2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in z-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.fr | = |
The friction force Ffr0.
|
Output variables:
| c_name.p | = |
The position of the friction block. |
| c_name.d | = |
Deformation of the stiffness. |
| c_name.F | = |
The generated force in the coupling. |
| c_name.dx | = |
The coupling's deformation in the x-direction. |
| c_name.dy | = |
The coupling's deformation in the y-direction. |
| c_name.dz | = |
The coupling's deformation in the z-direction. |
| c_name.df | = |
The coupling's deformation in the f-direction. |
| c_name.dk | = |
The coupling's deformation in the k-direction. |
| c_name.dp | = |
The coupling's deformation in the p-direction. |
Force variables generated by the coupling:
| c_name.Fx | = |
In the x-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Fy | = |
In the y-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Fz | = |
In the z-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mf | = |
In the f-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mk | = |
In the k-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mp | = |
In the p-direction of esys. |
Generated force variables on connected bodies:
| c_name.F1x | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the x-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F1y | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the y-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F1z | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the z-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1f | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the f-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1k | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the k-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1p | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the p-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F2x | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the x-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.F2y | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the y-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.F2z | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the z-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2f | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the f-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2k | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the k-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2p | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the p-direction of body #2's lsys. |
The coupling kf is shown in the following diagram:
The force in the spring prop_k is serial-coupled with the friction block Ffr0,
which means that the coupling force through the kf-element is the same for the
spring part as in the friction part.
If the deformations of the ends of the kf-element are smaller than Ffr0/prop_k,
no sliding motion will take place in the friction block,
instead all motion will take place elastically in the spring part.
If the deformation of the kf-element exceeds Ffr0/prop_k,
the friction block will move the stretch required to ensure
that the force over the spring part does not exceed the force Ffr0.
Usage:
| – |
This coupling can be used to generate all types of friction couplings,
where the motion only occurs in one degree of freedom. |
| – |
The coupling is convenient for generating a model of a
flat center plate between bolster and carbody,
whose only degree of freedom is a yawing motion. |
Reference Manuals
Calc menu
Input Data Menu
Coupl Menu
c_type = `kf_l`
Defines a coupling between two masses, the coupling comprises a
stiffness in series with a friction block.
The property of the spring is read from a pre-defined property.
The friction force is read as a variable or a data constant.
coupl kf_l `c_name' `body1' +-`a1 +-`b1 +-`h1
`body2' +-`a2 +-`b2 +-`h2
`prop_k' +-`Ffr0 `esys' `dire`
`fi `chi `psi
| c_name | = |
Name of the coupling created. |
| body1 | = |
Name of body no. 1, which the coupling is connected to. |
| a1,b1,h1 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 1,
expressed in body 1's local coordinate system lsys. |
| body2 | = |
Name of body no. 2 to which the coupling connects. |
| a2,b2,h2 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 2,
expressed in body 2's local coordinate system lsys. |
| prop_k | = |
Pre-defined stiffness property.
The properties which are compatible with the coupling kf
are p_lin and p_nlin. |
| Ffr0 | = |
The friction force, if the force in the serial spring exceeds Ffr0
a sliding motion in the friction elements starts. |
| esys | = |
The coordinate system in which the coupling force
will be calculated. |
| dire | = |
`x`, `y`, `z`, `f`, `k`, `p`
Direction in esys, which the coupling acts in. |
| fi,chi,psi | = |
The rotation angles from the coordinate system esys to the
rotated position of the kf_l-coupling. |
Variables generated in the main memory are the same as for coupling kf.
The coupling kf is shown in the following diagram:
The force in the spring prop_k is serial-coupled with the friction block Ffr0,
which means that the coupling force through the kf-element is the same for the
spring part as in the friction part.
If the deformations of the ends of the kf-element are smaller than Ffr0/prop_k,
no sliding motion will take place in the friction block,
instead all motion will take place elastically in the spring part.
If the deformation of the kf-element exceeds Ffr0/prop_k,
the friction block will move the stretch required to ensure
that the force over the spring part does not exceed the force Ffr0.
Usage:
| – |
In addition to coupl kf,
coupl kf_l handles surfaces rotated relative to the esys coordinate system.
|
Reference Manuals
Calc menu
Input Data Menu
Coupl Menu
c_type = `kf_r`
Defines a coupling between two masses, the coupling comprises a
stiffness in series with a friction block.
The kf_r coupling is very similar to the kf_l coupling,
the only difference is that the kf_r coupling handles large angles.
The description of input data for the kf_r coupling can be found
under kf_l.
Reference Manuals
Calc menu
Input Data Menu
Coupl Menu
c_type = `kf2`
Defines a coupling between two masses, the coupling consists of two perpendicular stiffnesses
connected to a friction block.
The friction block will move on a two-dimensional surface,
guided by the total force produced by the two stiffnesses.
The total force from the two springs is calculated according to:
A two-dimensional friction block is defined in the input data command:
coupl kf2 `c_name' `body1' +-`a1 +-`b1 +-`h1
`body2' +-`a2 +-`b2 +-`h2
`prop_k1' `prop_k2' +-`Ffr0 `esys' `dire1` `dire2`
| c_name | = |
Name of the coupling created. |
| body1 | = |
Name of body no. 1, which the coupling is connected to. |
| a1,b1,h1 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 1,
expressed in body 1's local coordinate system lsys. |
| body2 | = |
Name of body no. 2 to which the coupling connects. |
| a2,b2,h2 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 2,
expressed in body 2's local coordinate system lsys. |
| prop_k1 | = |
Pre-defined stiffness property in direction 1.
In present release it is only possible to use property p_lin. |
| prop_k2 | = |
Pre-defined stiffness property in direction 2.
In present release it is only possible to use property p_lin. |
| Ffr0 | = |
The friction force.
(Friction moment if the direction of action is f, k or p)
|
| esys | = |
The coordinate system in which the coupling force
will be calculated. |
| dire1 | = |
Direction of action for stiffness property 1,
valid directions are x, y, z, f, k or p. |
| dire2 | = |
Direction of action for stiffness property 2,
valid directions are x, y, z, f, k or p. |
Variables generated in the main memory:
Input variables:
| c_name.m1 | = |
Mass number of body 1. |
| c_name.a1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in x-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.b1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in y-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.h1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in z-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.m2 | = |
Mass number of body 2. |
| c_name.a2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in x-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.b2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in y-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.h2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in z-direction on body 2. |
Output variables:
| c_name.p1 | = |
The position of the friction block in direction 1. |
| c_name.p2 | = |
The position of the friction block in direction 2. |
| c_name.d1 | = |
Deformation of the stiffness 1. |
| c_name.d2 | = |
Deformation of the stiffness 2. |
| c_name.dx | = |
The coupling's deformation in the x-direction. |
| c_name.dy | = |
The coupling's deformation in the y-direction. |
| c_name.dz | = |
The coupling's deformation in the z-direction. |
| c_name.df | = |
The coupling's deformation in the f-direction. |
| c_name.dk | = |
The coupling's deformation in the k-direction. |
| c_name.dp | = |
The coupling's deformation in the p-direction. |
Force variables generated by the coupling:
| c_name.Fx | = |
In the x-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Fy | = |
In the y-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Fz | = |
In the z-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mf | = |
In the f-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mk | = |
In the k-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mp | = |
In the p-direction of esys. |
Generated force variables on connected bodies:
| c_name.F1x | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the x-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F1y | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the y-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F1z | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the z-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1f | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the f-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1k | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the k-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1p | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the p-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F2x | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the x-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.F2y | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the y-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.F2z | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the z-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2f | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the f-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2k | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the k-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2p | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the p-direction of body #2's lsys. |
Usage:
| – |
This coupling can be used to generate all types of friction couplings,
where the motion is two-dimensional. |
| – |
The coupling is convenient for generating models of the friction wedges
in a three-piece bogie,
or the friction surfaces in the primary suspension of a Y-25 bogie. |
Reference Manuals
Calc menu
Input Data Menu
Coupl Menu
c_type = `kf2_l`
Defines a coupling between two masses, the coupling consists of two perpendicular stiffnesses
connected to a friction block.
The kf2_l coupling is very similar to the kf2 coupling.
In addition to the kf2 coupling kf2_l can also
take into consideration a small rotation.
coupl kf2 `c_name' `body1' +-`a1 +-`b1 +-`h1
`body2' +-`a2 +-`b2 +-`h2
`prop_k1' `prop_k2' +-`Ffr0 `esys' `dire1` `dire2`
`fi `chi `psi
Coupling kf2_l have the following three extra input parameters:
| fi | = |
Positive rotation around the X-axis. |
| chi | = |
Positive rotation around the Y-axis. |
| psi | = |
Positive rotation around the Z-axis. |
The same output variables as for kf2 are beeing created.
Reference Manuals
Calc menu
Input Data Menu
Coupl Menu
c_type = `kf2_r`
Defines a coupling between two masses, the coupling comprises a
stiffness in series with a friction block.
The kf2_r coupling is very similar to the kf2_l coupling,
the only difference is that the kf2_r coupling handles large angles.
The description of input data for the kf2_r coupling can be found
under kf2_l.
Reference Manuals
Calc menu
Input Data Menu
Coupl Menu
c_type = `kf3`
Defines a coupling between two masses, the coupling consists of three perpendicular stiffnesses connected to a friction block.
The friction block will move on a three-dimensional surface, guided by the total force produced by the three stiffnesses.
coupl kf3 `c_name' `body1' +-`a1 +-`b1 +-`h1
`body2' +-`a2 +-`b2 +-`h2
`prop_k1' `prop_k2' `prop_k3' +-`Ffr0
`esys' `dire1` `dire2` `dire3`
| c_name | = |
Name of the coupling created. |
| body1 | = |
Name of body no. 1, which the coupling is connected to. |
| a1,b1,h1 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 1,
expressed in body 1's local coordinate system lsys. |
| body2 | = |
Name of body no. 2 to which the coupling connects. |
| a2,b2,h2 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 2,
expressed in body 2's local coordinate system lsys. |
| prop_k1 | = |
Pre-defined stiffness property in direction 1.
In present release it is only possible to use property p_lin. |
| prop_k2 | = |
Pre-defined stiffness property in direction 2.
In present release it is only possible to use property p_lin. |
| prop_k3 | = |
Pre-defined stiffness property in direction 3.
In present release it is only possible to use property p_lin. |
| Ffr0 | = |
The friction force.
(Friction moment if the direction of action is f, k or p)
|
| esys | = |
The coordinate system in which the coupling force
will be calculated. |
| dire1 | = |
Direction of action for stiffness property 1,
valid directions are x, y, z, f, k or p. |
| dire2 | = |
Direction of action for stiffness property 2,
valid directions are x, y, z, f, k or p. |
| dire3 | = |
Direction of action for stiffness property 3,
valid directions are x, y, z, f, k or p. |
Variables generated in the main memory:
Input variables:
| c_name.m1 | = |
Mass number of body 1. |
| c_name.a1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in x-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.b1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in y-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.h1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in z-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.m2 | = |
Mass number of body 2. |
| c_name.a2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in x-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.b2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in y-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.h2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in z-direction on body 2. |
Output variables:
| c_name.p1 | = |
The position of the friction block in direction 1. |
| c_name.p2 | = |
The position of the friction block in direction 2. |
| c_name.p3 | = |
The position of the friction block in direction 3. |
| c_name.d1 | = |
Deformation of the stiffness 1. |
| c_name.d2 | = |
Deformation of the stiffness 2. |
| c_name.d3 | = |
Deformation of the stiffness 3. |
| c_name.dx | = |
The coupling's deformation in the x-direction. |
| c_name.dy | = |
The coupling's deformation in the y-direction. |
| c_name.dz | = |
The coupling's deformation in the z-direction. |
| c_name.df | = |
The coupling's deformation in the f-direction. |
| c_name.dk | = |
The coupling's deformation in the k-direction. |
| c_name.dp | = |
The coupling's deformation in the p-direction. |
Force variables generated by the coupling:
| c_name.Fx | = |
In the x-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Fy | = |
In the y-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Fz | = |
In the z-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mf | = |
In the f-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mk | = |
In the k-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mp | = |
In the p-direction of esys. |
Generated force variables on connected bodies:
| c_name.F1x | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the x-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F1y | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the y-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F1z | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the z-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1f | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the f-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1k | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the k-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1p | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the p-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F2x | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the x-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.F2y | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the y-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.F2z | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the z-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2f | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the f-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2k | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the k-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2p | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the p-direction of body #2's lsys. |
Usage:
| – |
Spherical centerplates.
|
Reference Manuals
Calc menu
Input Data Menu
Coupl Menu
c_type = `kfrkc`
Defines a one-dimensional coupling between two masses.
The coupling comprises three parallel coupled parts:
| 1) |
Elastic part: |
Linear spring in the stiffness ke |
| 2) |
Friction part: |
Smooth Coulomb friction, parameters Ffm and x2 |
| 3) |
Viscous part: |
Linear viscous damper, c , in series with a linear spring, kv |
The parameters are taken from a pre-defined property defined in
coupl p_kfrkc.
The couplings which have direction c or cu may not have the length 0(zero),
as the value zero does not have a direction.
The theories of the kfrkc-coupling was developed by
Mats Berg, Department of Vehicle Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
A detailed description of the coupling can be found in the report
A rubber spring model for dynamic analysis of rail vehicles,
ISSN 1103-470X, ISRN KTH/FKT/FR-95/53-SE.
coupl kfrkc `c_name' `body1' +-`a1 +-`b1 +-`h1
`body2' +-`a2 +-`b2 +-`h2
`p_kfrkc' `esys' `dire`
| c_name | = |
Name of the coupling created. |
| body1 | = |
Name of body no. 1, which the coupling is connected to. |
| a1,b1,h1 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 1,
expressed in body 1's local coordinate system lsys. |
| body2 | = |
Name of body no. 2 to which the coupling connects. |
| a2,b2,h2 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 2,
expressed in body 2's local coordinate system lsys. |
| p_kfrkc | = |
Pre-defined property.
The only property which complies with the coupling kfrkc is
p_kfrkc. |
| esys | = |
The coordinate system in which the coupling force
will be calculated. |
| dire | = |
`x`, `y`, `z`, `f`, `k`, `p`, `c`
Direction in esys, which the coupling acts in.
In addition to the Cartesian coordinates, there is the direction `c`.
Direction `c` refers to the directions specified by the coupling's
attachment points, i.e the force runs in the direction of the element.
The transformation matrix is calculated when the coupling
is read in the input reading phase of the program.
The same transformation matrix is then used during
the entire calculation. |
Variables generated in the main memory:
Input variables:
| c_name.l | = |
Length of the coupling. The length is
calculated in the same direction as the
coupling's direction of action. |
| c_name.m1 | = |
Mass number of body 1. |
| c_name.a1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in x-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.b1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in y-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.h1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in z-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.m2 | = |
Mass number of body 2. |
| c_name.a2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in x-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.b2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in y-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.h2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in z-direction on body 2. |
Output variables:
| c_name.d | = |
Deformation over the coupling. |
| c_name.F | = |
The generated force in the coupling. |
| c_name.fe | = |
The generated force in the elastic part of the coupling. |
| c_name.ff | = |
The generated force in the friction part of the coupling. |
| c_name.fv | = |
The generated force in the viscous part of the coupling. |
| c_name.dx | = |
The coupling's deformation in the x-direction. |
| c_name.dy | = |
The coupling's deformation in the y-direction. |
| c_name.dz | = |
The coupling's deformation in the z-direction. |
| c_name.df | = |
The coupling's deformation in the f-direction. |
| c_name.dk | = |
The coupling's deformation in the k-direction. |
| c_name.dp | = |
The coupling's deformation in the p-direction. |
Force variables generated by the coupling:
| c_name.Fx | = |
In the x-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Fy | = |
In the y-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Fz | = |
In the z-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mf | = |
In the f-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mk | = |
In the k-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mp | = |
In the p-direction of esys. |
Generated force variables on connected bodies:
| c_name.F1x | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the x-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F1y | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the y-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F1z | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the z-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1f | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the f-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1k | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the k-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1p | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the p-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F2x | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the x-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.F2y | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the y-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.F2z | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the z-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2f | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the f-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2k | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the k-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2p | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the p-direction of body #2's lsys. |
The six input data parameters F0, ke, x2, Ffm, kv and c are described in
detail under the property p_kfrkc.
The coupling is non-linear due the smooth friction part of the coupling.
On linearization in MODAL and FRESP,
the friction part gives the stiffness Ffm/x2,
but no energy dissipation (friction damping).
In time simulation (TSIM),
the effective stiffness of the coupling will
be dependent on the displacement amplitude
(relative to a static or quasistatical position).
At small amplitudes, the total stiffness will asymptotically be Ffm/x2.
At large amplitudes, the total stiffness will asymptotically be 0.
The viscous part of the coupling will give a frequency dependent
behavior in the property of the coupling.
Usage:
| – |
Smooth friction. |
| – |
Rubber suspension element. |
Reference Manuals
Calc menu
Input Data Menu
Coupl Menu
c_type = `kf_exp1`
Defines a coupling between two masses, the coupling comprises a
stiffness in series with a exponential friction damper.
The coupling is especially designed for the modeling of leaf springs.
The friction force is read as a variable or a data constant.
Couplings acting in direction `c` may not have the length 0(zero),
because the value zero does not have any direction.
coupl kf_exp1 `c_name' `body1' +-`a1 +-`b1 +-`h1
`body2' +-`a2 +-`b2 +-`h2
`esys' `dire`
+-`Fu +-`ku +-`Fl +-`kl +-`dFA +-`dFB
| c_name | = |
Name of the coupling created. |
| body1 | = |
Name of body no. 1, which the coupling is connected to. |
| a1,b1,h1 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 1,
expressed in body 1's local coordinate system lsys. |
| body2 | = |
Name of body no. 2 to which the coupling connects. |
| a2,b2,h2 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 2,
expressed in body 2's local coordinate system lsys. |
| esys | = |
The coordinate system in which the coupling force
will be calculated. |
| dire | = |
`x`, `y`, `z`, `f`, `k`, `p`, `c`
Direction in esys, which the coupling acts in.
In addition to the Cartesian coordinates, is the direction `c`.
Direction `c` refers to the direction specified by the coupling's
attachment points, i.e the force runs in the direction of the element.
The transformation matrix is calculated when the coupling
is read in the input reading phase of the program.
The same transformation matrix is then used during
the entire calculation. |
| Fu | = |
Pre-load force at 0(zero) displacement, for the upper stiffness. |
| ku | = |
The upper stiffness. |
| Fl | = |
Pre-load force at 0(zero) displacement, for the lower stiffness. |
| kl | = |
The lower stiffness. |
| dFA | = |
The initial lower stiffness when the motion changes direction. |
| dFB | = |
The initial upper stiffness when the motion changes direction. |
Variables generated in the main memory:
Input variables:
| c_name.l | = |
Length of the coupling. The length is
calculated in the same direction as the
coupling's direction of action. |
| c_name.m1 | = |
Mass number of body 1. |
| c_name.a1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in x-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.b1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in y-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.h1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in z-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.m2 | = |
Mass number of body 2. |
| c_name.a2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in x-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.b2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in y-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.h2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in z-direction on body 2. |
Output variables:
| c_name.d | = |
Deformation of the stiffness. |
| c_name.F | = |
The generated force in the coupling. |
Force variables generated by the coupling:
| c_name.Fx | = |
In the x-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Fy | = |
In the y-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Fz | = |
In the z-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mf | = |
In the f-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mk | = |
In the k-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mp | = |
In the p-direction of esys. |
Generated force variables on connected bodies:
| c_name.F1x | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the x-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F1y | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the y-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F1z | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the z-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1f | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the f-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1k | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the k-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1p | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the p-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F2x | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the x-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.F2y | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the y-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.F2z | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the z-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2f | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the f-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2k | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the k-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2p | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the p-direction of body #2's lsys. |
The coupling kf_exp1 is shown in the following diagram:
Usage:
Reference Manuals
Calc menu
Input Data Menu
Coupl Menu
c_type = `kf_exp2`
Defines a stiffness coupling between two masses.
In addition to the spring stiffness force a friction damping force is added.
The shape of the added damping force is exponential.
If the friction forces FfA and FfB are small this coupling can
replace the conventional coupl k-coupling
coupl kf_exp2 `c_name' `body1' +-`a1 +-`b1 +-`h1
`body2' +-`a2 +-`b2 +-`h2
`esys' `dire`
property +-`kfA +-`FfA +-`kfB +-`FfB
| c_name | = |
Name of the coupling created. |
| body1 | = |
Name of body no. 1, which the coupling is connected to. |
| a1,b1,h1 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 1,
expressed in body 1's local coordinate system lsys. |
| body2 | = |
Name of body no. 2 to which the coupling connects. |
| a2,b2,h2 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 2,
expressed in body 2's local coordinate system lsys. |
| esys | = |
The coordinate system in which the coupling force
will be calculated. |
| dire | = |
`x`, `y`, `z`, `f`, `k`, `p`,
Direction in esys, which the coupling acts in. |
| property | = |
Pre-defined coupling property. |
| kfA | = |
Additional stiffness due to friction when the spring starts to move in positive direction. |
| FfA | = |
Maximum friction force when moving in positive direction. |
| kfB | = |
Additional stiffness due to friction when the spring starts to move in negative direction. |
| FfB | = |
Maximum friction force when moving in negative direction. |
Variables generated in the main memory:
Input variables:
| c_name.l | = |
Length of the coupling. The length is
calculated in the same direction as the
coupling's direction of action. |
| c_name.m1 | = |
Mass number of body 1. |
| c_name.a1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in x-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.b1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in y-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.h1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in z-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.m2 | = |
Mass number of body 2. |
| c_name.a2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in x-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.b2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in y-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.h2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in z-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.kfA | = |
Stiffness kfA. |
| c_name.FfA | = |
Force FfA. |
| c_name.kfB | = |
Stiffness kfB. |
| c_name.FfB | = |
Force FfB. |
Output variables:
| c_name.d | = |
Deformation of the stiffness. |
| c_name.Fe | = |
The elastic force in the coupling. |
| c_name.Ff | = |
The friction force in the coupling. |
| c_name.F | = |
The total force in the coupling, in direction of action. |
Force variables generated by the coupling:
| c_name.Fx | = |
In the x-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Fy | = |
In the y-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Fz | = |
In the z-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mf | = |
In the f-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mk | = |
In the k-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mp | = |
In the p-direction of esys. |
Generated force variables on connected bodies:
| c_name.F1x | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the x-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F1y | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the y-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F1z | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the z-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1f | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the f-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1k | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the k-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1p | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the p-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F2x | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the x-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.F2y | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the y-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.F2z | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the z-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2f | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the f-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2k | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the k-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2p | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the p-direction of body #2's lsys. |
The coupling kf_exp2 is shown in the following diagram:
A diagram showing a non-linear stiffness with a varying friction force can be seen below:
In above example following input data has been used:
coupl p_nlin exp2_lin 0. -.005 -1e3 .0 0. .005 4e3
coupl kf_exp2 Kfr_exp2 point1l -10. 2 2 point2l 10. 2 2 esys3 y exp2_lin 2e6 1. 2e6 -1.
func operp Kfr_exp2.FfA= 0.1 * ( Kfr_exp2.F + 1000 )
func operp Kfr_exp2.FfB= -.1 * ( Kfr_exp2.F + 1000 )
Usage:
Reference Manuals
Calc menu
Input Data Menu
Coupl Menu
c_type = `kf_exp3`
Defines a stiffness coupling between two masses.
In addition to the spring stiffness force a friction damping force is added.
The shape of the added damping force is created by an first order low-pass filter.
If the friction forces FfA and FfB are small this coupling can
replace the conventional coupl k-coupling
coupl kf_exp3 `c_name' `body1' +-`a1 +-`b1 +-`h1
`body2' +-`a2 +-`b2 +-`h2
`esys' `dire`
property +-`tauA +-`FfA +-`tauB +-`FfB
| c_name | = |
Name of the coupling created. |
| body1 | = |
Name of body no. 1, which the coupling is connected to. |
| a1,b1,h1 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 1,
expressed in body 1's local coordinate system lsys. |
| body2 | = |
Name of body no. 2 to which the coupling connects. |
| a2,b2,h2 | = |
The coupling's attachment coordinate in body 2,
expressed in body 2's local coordinate system lsys. |
| esys | = |
The coordinate system in which the coupling force
will be calculated. |
| dire | = |
`x`, `y`, `z`, `f`, `k`, `p`,
Direction in esys, which the coupling acts in. |
| property | = |
Pre-defined coupling property. |
| tauU | = |
Distance to where force FfA/2 is obtained. |
| FdU | = |
Maximum friction force when moving in positive direction. |
| tauL | = |
Distance to where force FfB/2 is obtained. |
| FdL | = |
Maximum friction force when moving in negative direction. |
Variables generated in the main memory:
Input variables:
| c_name.l | = |
Length of the coupling. The length is
calculated in the same direction as the
coupling's direction of action. |
| c_name.m1 | = |
Mass number of body 1. |
| c_name.a1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in x-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.b1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in y-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.h1 | = |
Attachment coordinate in z-direction on body 1. |
| c_name.m2 | = |
Mass number of body 2. |
| c_name.a2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in x-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.b2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in y-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.h2 | = |
Attachment coordinate in z-direction on body 2. |
| c_name.omegau | = |
Angular frequency omegau. |
| c_name.Fdu | = |
Force Fdu. |
| c_name.omegal | = |
Angular frequency omegal. |
| c_name.Fdl | = |
Force Fdl. |
Output variables:
| c_name.d | = |
Deformation of the stiffness. |
| c_name.Fe | = |
The elastic force in the coupling. |
| c_name.Ff | = |
The friction force in the coupling. |
| c_name.F | = |
The total force in the coupling, in direction of action. |
Force variables generated by the coupling:
| c_name.Fx | = |
In the x-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Fy | = |
In the y-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Fz | = |
In the z-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mf | = |
In the f-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mk | = |
In the k-direction of esys. |
| c_name.Mp | = |
In the p-direction of esys. |
Generated force variables on connected bodies:
| c_name.F1x | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the x-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F1y | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the y-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F1z | = |
Force acting on body #1 in the z-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1f | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the f-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1k | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the k-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.M1p | = |
Moment acting on body #1 in the p-direction of body #1's lsys. |
| c_name.F2x | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the x-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.F2y | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the y-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.F2z | = |
Force acting on body #2 in the z-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2f | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the f-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2k | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the k-direction of body #2's lsys. |
| c_name.M2p | = |
Moment acting on body #2 in the p-direction of body #2's lsys. |
The coupling kf_exp3 is very similar to kf_exp2.
Usage:
Reference Manuals
Calc menu
Input Data Menu
Coupl Menu
c_type = `m_flex_1`
Connects a coupling to a flexible body.
Before this command can be given, both the flexible body and the coupling must
have been previously defined in the input data.
The modal shapes' values shall be given mass orthonormalized, i.e
xT M x = 1
- Where:
-
| M |
= |
Mass matrix |
| x |
= |
Eigenvector |
| xT |
= |
The transpose of x |
Normally the user don't need to give these input manually, because this
input data group can automatically be generated by the NPICK-program.
coupl m_flex_1 `c_name' `end` +-`values
| c_name | = |
Assigning a name to this property. |
| end | = |
Specifies the end of the coupling for which the modal shapes shall be read.
Input data parameter end can have two valid values `end_1` or `end_2'.
`end_1` causes input reading of the eigenvectors for body1 and
'end_2' causes input reading of the eigenvectors for body2. |
| values | = |
Specification of the eigenvectors.
If the coupling's work direction is set to `m`,
the eigenvectors are given with 6 components per eigenfrequency,
i.e. the input data is as follows:
x1, y1, z1, f1, k1, p1,
x2, y2, z2, f2, k2, p2, A total of n modal shapes.
. . . . . . Number of modal shapes which
. . . . . . shall be read, is controlled
xn, yn, zn, fn, kn, pn, by `mass m_flex_1`.
If the coupling's work direction is given as `x`, `y`, `z`, `z`, `c`,
`cu`, the eigenvectors will given by 3 components per eigenfrequency,
i.e. the input data is as follows:
x1, y1, z1,
x2, y2, z2, A total of n modal shapes.
. . .
. . .
xn, yn, zn,
If the coupling's work direction is given as `f`, `k` or `p`,
the eigenvectors will given by 3 angle components per eigenfrequency,
i.e. the input data is as follows:
f1, k1, p1,
f2, k2, p2, A total of n modal shapes.
. . .
. . .
fn, kn, pn,
Number of eigenfrequencies n is earlier defined in the `mass m_flex_1`-
command.
|
Variables generated in the main memory:
| c_name.x1 | = |
Modal shape value in the x-dir. for eigenfrequency number 1 |
| c_name.y1 | = |
Modal shape value in the x-dir. for eigenfrequency number 1 |
| c_name.z1 | = |
Modal shape value in the x-dir. for eigenfrequency number 1 |
| c_name.f1 | = |
Modal shape value in the x-dir. for eigenfrequency number 1 |
| . . . | = |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
| . . . | = |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
| c_name.x2 | = |
Modal shape value in the x-dir. for eigenfrequency number 2 |
| . . . | = |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
| . . . | = |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
| c_name.kn | = |
Modal shape value in the k-dir. for eigenfrequency number n |
| c_name.pn | = |
Modal shape value in the p-dir. for eigenfrequency number n |
Generalized modal forces acting on the flexible modes.
| c_name1c1 | = |
The generalized force acting on end 1 eigenform 1 |
| c_name1c2 | = |
The generalized force acting on end 1 eigenform 2 |
| c_name1c3 | = |
The generalized force acting on end 1 eigenform 3 |
| . . . | . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
| . . . | . |
etc. for all eigenfrequencies. |
| c_name2c1 | = |
The generalized force acting on end 2 eigenform 1 |
| c_name2c2 | = |
The generalized force acting on end 2 eigenform 2 |
| c_name2c3 | = |
The generalized force acting on end 2 eigenform 3 |
| . . . | . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . .
| . . . | . |
etc. for all eigenfrequencies. |
Reference Manuals
Calc menu
Input Data Menu
Coupl Menu
c_type = `cuser#`
Defines a coupling written by the user.
The properties of this coupling is given in a subroutine written by the user.
Up to ten user written subroutine can be feed into the CALC-program.
The #-sign indicates the number of the coupling.
The CALC-program calculates the displacement and speed of the two ends of the coupling,
so the user written subroutine only needs to calculate the force in the coupling.
The subroutine calculating the force is named cuser#.
The input reading subroutine for cuser# is named icusr#.
If no own user subroutines are supplied,
the calc-linking script will load dummy subroutines from the gen_calclib library.
The calc-linking script is located in the $gensys/code/calc/calc-directory and is named makef.
In order to replace the dummy subroutines the user must force the calc-linking script to load the new subroutines,
by specifying the new files in the makef-script.
Create an own CALC-program
In order to introduce an own defined coupling follow the following steps:
- Edit any of the files cuser[0-9] and icusr[0-9]
- Specify your new files in file makef
- In file makef also change the output under PROGRAM,
to a location where your have write permission.
N.B. The the new location must be in you $PATH.
- Create a new program by writing makef.
N.B. When you write the command makef,
the script located in directory $gensys/scripts will be executed.
The local makef-file is only a list of files to be forced into the new executable gen_calc.exe-file.
Test your new coupling
When you have written the code for your new coupling,
it is a good idea to test the output of the coupling.
With this simple input data file you can apply a controlled displacement over the coupling.
Reference Manuals
Calc menu
Input Data Menu
Coupl Menu